everything is fine the way it naturally occurs. They manage to think big thoughts without so much as building a roof to keep the rain off.â I brought up the data on the biological samples taken by the robot explorer. âWhat do you make of these?â I pointed to a picture of an animal; its rounded upper portion looked like a meter-high hemisphere that was set on a larger-diameter disc. The hemisphere was rigid and the disc was flexible. The animal moved by undulating the flexible disc. Tentacles sprouted from the junction of the hemisphere and disc. âHerd animal. Grazer.â âThey definitely travel in groups, but theyâre not exclusively grazers. The robot found a carcass that had fresh meat in its stomach. The key here is fresh, no traces of spoilage.â âThey hunt?â âExactly. Hunting in groups takes a greater level of coordination than grazing. That implies greater intelligence. Whatâs the other thing you notice about the species?â Lester thought a while, then shook his head. âI guess I missed it.â âThere was only one carcass of this animal found. There are thousands of them all over the planet, but the robot could only find one that had been dragged off by a predator.â âIâm still not getting it.â âThey dispose of their dead.â âThey might practice cannibalism.â âTrue, but if what they do has the smallest element of ritual involved, that implies an understanding of mortality, which is an indication of self-awareness. We have to be sure.â We tried to land close to a group of the creatures without being obvious. The ship can camouflage its color to some extent. We came down looking sky-blue and used the antigravity drive to minimize noise. After the atmospheric checks, we got into our suits and headed out for a little animal watching. We crawled on our bellies through what looked like grass and recorded the animalsâ behavior. Back on the ship we watched the recordings. I pointed to a pair of the creatures and backed the recording up. âDid you see that?â âNo.â âWatch those arms.â Lester zoomed the display. âThey touched arms.â âAnd moved in tandem afterward.â Lester nodded. âCommunications. So are they intelligent?â âNot necessarily. Every social animal has some form of communication, but there are lots of social animals that are not intelligent. But every intelligent animal has some form of communications. Communication is necessary, but not sufficient to prove intelligence.â Lester slumped in his chair. âThis is starting to sound like Philosophy 101.â âSometimes thatâs what this job comes down to.â The next day, we opened the hatch to find only one of the creatures in the nearby grassland. We watched it from the trees, trying to stay out of its line of sight. It moved slowly in the direction of a rise. We kept pace with it. Lester kept looking over his shoulder. âThey never move aloneâtoo much chance of predation.â âThis is unusual. We should record its behavior.â The creature led us partially up the slope of a hill and ducked inside a cave. We followed to the cave mouth and found no sign of its companions. âI donât remember anything in the documentation of this planet about these things using caves.â Lester thought. âI canât remember anything either.â âItâs the unusual behaviors that are more likely to indicate intelligence. This is risky, but if weâre going to find out whether theyâre intelligent or not, weâve got to observe their behavior. Iâm going in. You wait at the mouth of the cave in case theyâre more intelligent than we thought.â Lester took up a defensive position just inside the cave, and I followed the creature. The cave was too low for me to stand. I could hear the creature a