Read Online Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders by Denise A. Spellberg - Free Book Online

350–76, 381–82, 394, 403, 2:941.
    74. Ibid., 2:907.
    75. Bailyn,
Ideological Origins
, 35–36, 44–52; Allison,
Crescent Obscured
, 47, 52–53.
    76. Samuel West, “On the Right to Rebel Against Governors,” in
American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 1760–1805
, ed. Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, 2 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983), 1:438.
    77. Curtis, “Stereotypes,” in
Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History
, 2:530.
    78. C. A. Patrides, “ ‘The Bloody and Cruell Turke’: The Background of a Renaissance Commonplace,”
Studies in the Renaissance
10 (1963): 126–35; Kevin M. McCarthy, “The Derisive Use of Turk and Turkey,”
American Speech
45, no. 1–2 (Spring–Summer 1970): 157–59.
    79. “Mahometan,”
Oxford English Dictionary
, 13 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 6:38.
    80. Robert Battistini, “Glimpses of the Other Before Orientalism: The Muslim World in Early American Periodicals, 1785–1800,”
Early American Studies
8, no. 2 (Spring 2010): 474.
    81. Marr,
Cultural Roots
, 6.
    82. Battistini, “Glimpses of the Other,” 473–74.
    83. “Moor,”
Oxford English Dictionary
, 6:645.
    84. Ahmad Gunny,
Images of Islam in Eighteenth-Century Writings
(London: Grey Seal, 1996), 156; “Alcoran,”
Oxford English Dictionary
, 5:260.
    85. The earliest identification of the importance of Voltaire’s play in circulation in Britain, Dublin, and New York, but not Baltimore, was found by Allison,
Crescent Obscured
, 43–46.
    86. Allison,
Crescent Obscured
, 43–46. In opposition, Voltaire’s play is cast as “atypical” by Garcia,
Islam and the English Enlightenment
, 5.
    87. Jack B. Moore, introduction to Royall Tyler,
The Algerine Captive (1797)
, ed.Jack B. Moore, 2 vols. in 1 (Gainesville, FL: Scholars Facsimiles and Reprints, 1967), 1:viii. English captivity accounts began in the sixteenth century, but the genre as nonfiction and fiction survived into the eighteenth. See Nabil Matar,
Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 169–83; Colley,
Captives
, chapter 2, “The Crescent and the Sea,” and chapter 4, “Confronting Islam.”
    88. Malini Johar Schueller,
U.S. Orientalisms: Race, Nation, and Gender in Literature, 1790–1890
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), 49–58.
    89. Allison,
Crescent Obscured
, 35–59, 94; Marr,
Cultural Roots
, 7–8; Johar Schueller,
U.S. Orientalisms
, 4, 8–10; Battistini, “Glimpses of the Other,” 446, 472–73.
    90. Allison,
Crescent Obscured
, 43–46, 57–59, 94; Marr,
Cultural Roots
, 7–8; Kidd,
American Christians and Islam
, xii; Johar Schueller,
U.S. Orientalisms
, viii–ix, 4, 10; Battistini, “Glimpses of the Other,” 446.
    91. Daniel,
Islam and the West
, 101, 144–45, 242, 267; Tolan,
Saracens
, 54.
    92. Daniel,
Islam and the West
, 96–102.
    93. One historically extant Islamic name chosen by Voltaire might be Seide, or Zayd, who was the Prophet’s foster son. See Gunny,
Images of Islam
, 136.
    94. Jonathan A. C. Brown,
Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 54.
    95. Voltaire,
Mahomet the Prophet or Fanaticism: A Tragedy in Five Acts
, trans. Robert L. Myers (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1964), 57.
    96. Voltaire,
Le Fanatisme
,
ou Mahomet le Prophète, tragédie
, in
Les oeuvres complètes de Voltaire
, ed. Christopher Todd (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2002), 20B:207–8. In Voltaire’s original French, “Le glaive et l’Alcoran dans mes sanglantes mains, / Imposerait silence au reste des humains.”
    97. For Voltaire’s description of the character “Mahomet” and “sa physionomie de singe,” see Magdy Badir,
Voltaire et l’Islam
, in
Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century
, vol. 125 (Banbury, UK: Voltaire Foundation, 1974), 23; Robert Edward Mitchell, “The Genesis, Sources, Composition, and Reception of Voltaire’s
Mahomet
” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1961), 75;