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Illustrations
    PLATES SECTION
Edward the Confessor: detail from the Bayeaux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
William of Jumièges presents his history to William the Conqueror (Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen, MSY. 14 (CGM 1174), fol. 116) . Photo: Thierry Ascencio-Parvy
The tower of All Saint’s Church, Earls Barton, Northamptonshire. Photo: © Laurence Burridge
Arques-la-Bataille. Photo: ©Vincent Tournaire
Jumièges Abbey. Photo: Robert Harding
The Normans cross the Channel: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library.
Skuldelev 3 (Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark) . Photo: Robert Harding.
Normans burning a house: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry. (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library.
The White Tower, Tower of London. Photo: Historic Royal Palaces
Colchester Castle. Photo: Shutterstock
Old Sarum. Photo: © English Heritage Photo Library
Durham Cathedral (Collection du Musée historique de Lausanne) . Photo: © Claude Huber
    TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS
p. 114. Harold swears his oath to William: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 119. Harold returns to Edward the Confessor: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 134. Edward on his deathbed: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 139. The coronation of Harold: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 147. Halley’s Comet: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 184. The death of Harold: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 185. An unarmed man is decapitated: detail from the Bayeux Tapestry (Musée de la Tapisserie, Bayeux) . Photo: The Bridgeman Art Library
p. 185. A son of Zedekiah is decapitated (Los Comentarios al Apocalípsis de San Juan de Beato de Liébana, fol. 194v, Santa Cruz Library , Biblioteca Universitaria, Valladolid, spain) .
    All images of the Bayeux Tapestry are reproduced with special authorisation of the city of Bayeux .

Abbreviations
(Unless otherwise indicated, the place of publication is London)
ANS
Anglo-Norman Studies
ASC
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (cited by year)
Barlow, Confessor
F. Barlow, Edward the Confessor (new edn, 1997).
Bates, Conqueror
D. Bates, William the Conqueror (1989).
Carmen
The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, ed. F. Barlow (Oxford, 1999).
Councils and Synods
Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, I, 871–1204 , ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke (2 vols., Oxford, 1981).
Douglas, Conqueror
D. C. Douglas, William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England (1964).
DNB
www.oxforddnb.com (cited by name). For the printed text, see The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G. Matthew and B. Harrison (60 vols., Oxford, 2004).
Eadmer
Eadmer’s History of Recent Events in England, ed. G. Bosanquet (1964).
EER
Encomium Emmae Reginae, ed. A. Campbell and S. Keynes (Cambridge, 1998).
EHD
English Historical Documents
EHR
English Historical Review
Fernie, Architecture
E. Fernie, The Architecture of Norman England (Oxford, 2000).
Freeman, Norman Conquest
E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England (6 vols., Oxford, 1867–79).
Gaimar, Estoire
Geffrei Gaimar, Estoire des Engleis, ed. and trans. I. Short (Oxford, 2009).
Garnett, Short Introduction
G. Garnett, The Norman Conquest: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2009).
GND
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni, ed. E. M. C. van Houts (2 vols., Oxford, 1992–5).
HH
Henry of Huntingdon, The History of the English People 1000―1154, ed.