Read Online Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols by Kate Raphael - Free Book Online Page B
Book: Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols by Kate Raphael
Read Free Book Online
Authors: Kate Raphael
Tags: History, Politics & Social Sciences, Social Sciences, Medieval, Architecture, middle east, Egypt, Buildings, Human Geography, World, Arts & Photography, Building Types & Styles, Humanities
Ads: Link
same attitude is adopted y Yovitchitch in his article: “The Tower of Aybak in Castle: an example of the spread of an architectural concept in early thirteenth century Ayyubid fortifications,” in Military Architecture in Greater Syria , ed. H. Kennedy (Leiden and Boston, 2006), 225–42. See especially p. 236.
31 Chevedden, “Artillery,” 131–73; ibid., “The trebuchet,” 66–71; ibid., “Development,” 36–8.
32 Ellenblum, Modern Histories , 187–98.
33 Ehrenkreutz, Saladin , 36–7, 42–3, 48.
34 Riley-Smith, J., The Crusades: A Short Histor (London, 1990), 84; Lev, Saladin , 163.
35 Lev, Saladin , 163.
36 Marshall, Warfare , 256.
37 Ibid., ch. 6, especially 255–6; Hillenbrand, Crusades , 467.
38 Ibn al-Athīr, al-Dīn, Al-Kāmil fī al-Ta’rīkh, ed. C. J. Tornberg (Beirut, 1966), vol. 12, 322.
39 Ibid., vol. 12, 323–6; Prawer, J., A History of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 2nd edn (Jerusalem, 1963), vol. 2, 142 (Hebrew).
40 Ibn al-Furāt, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders: Selections from the Tā’rīkh al-duwal wa’l-mulūk of Ibn al-Furāt, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons; introduction and notes J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Cambridge, 1971), 26–8. Cited in Ellenblum, Modern Histories , n. 47, pp. 136, 137.
41 Ellenblum, Modern Histories , ch. 9.
42 Dawkins, R. and Krebs, J. R., “Arms races between and within species,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Ser. B 205 (1979): 492.
43 Dawkins and Krebs, “Arms races,” 493.
44 Ibid., 489.
45 Marshall, C. J., “The French regiment in the Latin East, 1254–91,” Journal of Medieval History 15 (1989): 301–7.
46 Ellenblum, “ ,” 103–12.
47 Johns, “ ,” 23. Johns refers at length to the Banū ‘Awf and their growing strength in the region, but suggests that one of the main reasons for the construction was the Frankish forts south of – Karak and Shawbak.
48 Ibn Shaddād fī dhikr umarā al-shām wa’l-jazīra (Damascus, 1972), 86–7.
49 Al-Qalqashandī, Shihāb (Beirut, 1987), vol. 4, 89.
50 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 2, pt. 2, 87.
51 Johns, “ ,” 23.
52 Ibn al-Athīr, Kāmil , vol. 12, 22–3, al-Dīn, , 167–9.
53 Ibid., vol. 12, 300.
54 Marshall, Warfare , 65.
55 Benvenisti, M., The Crusaders in the Holy Lan (Jerusalem, 1976), 297. Thee is no historical evidence of the Mamluk conquest.
56 Tamari, “Darb al-Hajj,” 448, fn. 4.
57 The architecture and its origins will be discussed in detail later in this chapter.
58 Abū Shāma, Shihāb , Kitāb (Beirut, 1997), vol. 3:21, 105, 107, 288, 339–40.
59 Ibid., vol. 2, 88.
60 Al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn duwal al-mulūk (Beirut, 1997), vol. 1, 75.
61 Ibid., vol. 1, 193.
62 Ibid., vol. 1, 199–200.
63 Yāqūt al-Rūmī (d. 626/1229) reports in a short passage in the that the fortress is in ruins. He began to write this work in 615/1218–19; the final draft dates to 625/1228, and the fortress fell into decay some time during those ten years. Yāqūt al-Rūmī, (Beirut, 1957), vol. 3, 397.
64 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 2, pt. 2, 86.
65 Abū’l-Fidā’, ., fi ta’rīkh al-bashar (Beirut, 1997), vol. 2, 206.
66 Humphreys, Saladin , 144.
67 Abū’l-Fidā’, , 206.
68 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 2, pt. 2, 89.
69 Chevedden, Damascus , 63.
70 Twain, M., The Innocents Abroa (New York, 1962), 397.
71 On the importance of Safforie during the Crusader period see Ellenblum, R., Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1988), 205.
72 Jezrael (Parvum Gerinum) was held by the Order of the Templars during the years proceeding the battle of . Pringle, D., Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1997), 56.
73 La Fève (Castrum Fabe), taken over by the Templars in the early 1170s, was well built and manned; the garrison was of considerable size numbering between 50 and 60 knights. To that one should add sergeants and foot soldiers. The fortress also served as a storage
31 Chevedden, “Artillery,” 131–73; ibid., “The trebuchet,” 66–71; ibid., “Development,” 36–8.
32 Ellenblum, Modern Histories , 187–98.
33 Ehrenkreutz, Saladin , 36–7, 42–3, 48.
34 Riley-Smith, J., The Crusades: A Short Histor (London, 1990), 84; Lev, Saladin , 163.
35 Lev, Saladin , 163.
36 Marshall, Warfare , 256.
37 Ibid., ch. 6, especially 255–6; Hillenbrand, Crusades , 467.
38 Ibn al-Athīr, al-Dīn, Al-Kāmil fī al-Ta’rīkh, ed. C. J. Tornberg (Beirut, 1966), vol. 12, 322.
39 Ibid., vol. 12, 323–6; Prawer, J., A History of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 2nd edn (Jerusalem, 1963), vol. 2, 142 (Hebrew).
40 Ibn al-Furāt, Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders: Selections from the Tā’rīkh al-duwal wa’l-mulūk of Ibn al-Furāt, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons; introduction and notes J. S. C. Riley-Smith (Cambridge, 1971), 26–8. Cited in Ellenblum, Modern Histories , n. 47, pp. 136, 137.
41 Ellenblum, Modern Histories , ch. 9.
42 Dawkins, R. and Krebs, J. R., “Arms races between and within species,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Ser. B 205 (1979): 492.
43 Dawkins and Krebs, “Arms races,” 493.
44 Ibid., 489.
45 Marshall, C. J., “The French regiment in the Latin East, 1254–91,” Journal of Medieval History 15 (1989): 301–7.
46 Ellenblum, “ ,” 103–12.
47 Johns, “ ,” 23. Johns refers at length to the Banū ‘Awf and their growing strength in the region, but suggests that one of the main reasons for the construction was the Frankish forts south of – Karak and Shawbak.
48 Ibn Shaddād fī dhikr umarā al-shām wa’l-jazīra (Damascus, 1972), 86–7.
49 Al-Qalqashandī, Shihāb (Beirut, 1987), vol. 4, 89.
50 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 2, pt. 2, 87.
51 Johns, “ ,” 23.
52 Ibn al-Athīr, Kāmil , vol. 12, 22–3, al-Dīn, , 167–9.
53 Ibid., vol. 12, 300.
54 Marshall, Warfare , 65.
55 Benvenisti, M., The Crusaders in the Holy Lan (Jerusalem, 1976), 297. Thee is no historical evidence of the Mamluk conquest.
56 Tamari, “Darb al-Hajj,” 448, fn. 4.
57 The architecture and its origins will be discussed in detail later in this chapter.
58 Abū Shāma, Shihāb , Kitāb (Beirut, 1997), vol. 3:21, 105, 107, 288, 339–40.
59 Ibid., vol. 2, 88.
60 Al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn duwal al-mulūk (Beirut, 1997), vol. 1, 75.
61 Ibid., vol. 1, 193.
62 Ibid., vol. 1, 199–200.
63 Yāqūt al-Rūmī (d. 626/1229) reports in a short passage in the that the fortress is in ruins. He began to write this work in 615/1218–19; the final draft dates to 625/1228, and the fortress fell into decay some time during those ten years. Yāqūt al-Rūmī, (Beirut, 1957), vol. 3, 397.
64 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 2, pt. 2, 86.
65 Abū’l-Fidā’, ., fi ta’rīkh al-bashar (Beirut, 1997), vol. 2, 206.
66 Humphreys, Saladin , 144.
67 Abū’l-Fidā’, , 206.
68 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 2, pt. 2, 89.
69 Chevedden, Damascus , 63.
70 Twain, M., The Innocents Abroa (New York, 1962), 397.
71 On the importance of Safforie during the Crusader period see Ellenblum, R., Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1988), 205.
72 Jezrael (Parvum Gerinum) was held by the Order of the Templars during the years proceeding the battle of . Pringle, D., Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1997), 56.
73 La Fève (Castrum Fabe), taken over by the Templars in the early 1170s, was well built and manned; the garrison was of considerable size numbering between 50 and 60 knights. To that one should add sergeants and foot soldiers. The fortress also served as a storage
Similar Books
