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Authors: Kate Raphael
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89–125; ibid., “Archeological researches in the Citadel of Cairo,” Bulletin de l’Institut français ’archéologie orientale 23 (1924): 89–158. The Citadel of Homs was partly studied by King, G. R. D., “Archaeological fieldwork at the Citadel of Homs, Syria: 1995–1999,” Levant 34 (2002): 39–58; King, D. J., “The defences of the Citadel Damascus: a great Mohammedan fortress of the time of the Crusades,” Archaeologia 94 (1951): 57–96; Chevedden, P. E., The Citadel of Damascu . PhD diss., University of Los Angeles, California, 1986, unpublished. 48–81.
17 Creswell, Fortification , 89–125.
18 Kennedy, H., Crusader Castles (Cambridge, 1994), 180–5.
19 Korn, L., Ayyubidische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien: Bautätigkeit im Kontext von Politik und Gesellschaft 564–658/1169–1260 (Heidelberger Orientverlag, 2004).
20 Hillenbrand, C., The Crusades: Islamic Perspective (New York, 2000), 467–509.
21 Ibid., 467.
22 The only fortress that may have been built prior to the Ayyubid period is . Tamari, S., “Darb al-Hajj in Sinai: an historical-archaeological study,” Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Memorie 25 (1982): 448, n. 4. Mount Tabor had a fortified monastery which was built by the Franks.
23 Faroqhi, S., P ilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans 1517–168 (London and New York, 1994), 54.
24 Kennedy, C astles, 98; Ellenblum, M odern Histories, 189; Chevedden, P. E., “Fortifications and the development of defensive planning during the Crusader period,” in The Circle o War in the Middle Ages , eds. D. J. Kagay and L. J. A. Villalon (Woodbridge, UK, 1999), 34. The Hungarian scholar Erik Fügedi reached a very different conclusion while researching fortresses of the first half of the thirteenth century in Hungary. According to Fugedi: “Innovations in castle building during the thirteenth century were not triggered by advances in military technology, but rather by social development, enhanced by the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241.” Fügedi, E., Castles and Society in Medieval Hungary (1000–1437) (Budapest, 1986), 42.
25 Marshall, C. J., Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 (Cambridge, 1996), 93. For a totally different opinion, emphasizing the importance of the superiority of the Frankish field army during the 12th century see Ellenblum, Modern Histories , ch. 10, especially 161–4.
26 On the economic situation of the Ayyubid sultanate during the first two decades after al-Dīn’s death, see the short paragraph in Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–126 (Albany, 1977), 132. According to Ehrenkreutz, the financial condition of Egypt in the mid-twelfth century, based on numismatic studies, archaeological finds and historical sources, was far from one of bankruptcy. Ehrenkreutz, A., Saladin (New York, 1972), 17–18, 102–3.
27 Ayalon, D., “Studies in the structure of the Mamluk army,” BSOAS 15 (1953): 448–76; Humphreys, R. S., “The emergence of the Mamluk army,” SI 46 (1977): 148–52; Humphreys, Saladin , 304; Lev, Y., Saladin in Egypt (Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 1999), 141–58.
28 The development of Karak and Safad into mamlakas will be noted in Chapter 4.
29 al-Dīn al-Isfahanī, bait al-maqdis (Beirut, 2003), 62; Ibn al-Jawzī, Mir’āt al-zamān fī ta’rīkh (Hyderabad, 1952), vol. 8, pt. 1, 394.
30 Chevedden, “Development,” 36–8. The subject has been discussed y Chevedden in several articles: Chevedden, P. E., “Artillery in late antiquity,” in The Medieval City under Siege , eds. I. Corfis and M. Wolfe (Woodbridge, 1995), 131–73; ibid., “The tebuchet: recent reconstructions and computer simulations reveal the operating principles of the most powerful weapon of its time,” Scientific America (1995, July): 80–6; Michaudel, “Islamic military architecture,” 106, 109, 112. Kennedy seems to support this idea although he is slightly cautious: Kennedy, Castles , 9. The
17 Creswell, Fortification , 89–125.
18 Kennedy, H., Crusader Castles (Cambridge, 1994), 180–5.
19 Korn, L., Ayyubidische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien: Bautätigkeit im Kontext von Politik und Gesellschaft 564–658/1169–1260 (Heidelberger Orientverlag, 2004).
20 Hillenbrand, C., The Crusades: Islamic Perspective (New York, 2000), 467–509.
21 Ibid., 467.
22 The only fortress that may have been built prior to the Ayyubid period is . Tamari, S., “Darb al-Hajj in Sinai: an historical-archaeological study,” Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Memorie 25 (1982): 448, n. 4. Mount Tabor had a fortified monastery which was built by the Franks.
23 Faroqhi, S., P ilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans 1517–168 (London and New York, 1994), 54.
24 Kennedy, C astles, 98; Ellenblum, M odern Histories, 189; Chevedden, P. E., “Fortifications and the development of defensive planning during the Crusader period,” in The Circle o War in the Middle Ages , eds. D. J. Kagay and L. J. A. Villalon (Woodbridge, UK, 1999), 34. The Hungarian scholar Erik Fügedi reached a very different conclusion while researching fortresses of the first half of the thirteenth century in Hungary. According to Fugedi: “Innovations in castle building during the thirteenth century were not triggered by advances in military technology, but rather by social development, enhanced by the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241.” Fügedi, E., Castles and Society in Medieval Hungary (1000–1437) (Budapest, 1986), 42.
25 Marshall, C. J., Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 (Cambridge, 1996), 93. For a totally different opinion, emphasizing the importance of the superiority of the Frankish field army during the 12th century see Ellenblum, Modern Histories , ch. 10, especially 161–4.
26 On the economic situation of the Ayyubid sultanate during the first two decades after al-Dīn’s death, see the short paragraph in Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–126 (Albany, 1977), 132. According to Ehrenkreutz, the financial condition of Egypt in the mid-twelfth century, based on numismatic studies, archaeological finds and historical sources, was far from one of bankruptcy. Ehrenkreutz, A., Saladin (New York, 1972), 17–18, 102–3.
27 Ayalon, D., “Studies in the structure of the Mamluk army,” BSOAS 15 (1953): 448–76; Humphreys, R. S., “The emergence of the Mamluk army,” SI 46 (1977): 148–52; Humphreys, Saladin , 304; Lev, Y., Saladin in Egypt (Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 1999), 141–58.
28 The development of Karak and Safad into mamlakas will be noted in Chapter 4.
29 al-Dīn al-Isfahanī, bait al-maqdis (Beirut, 2003), 62; Ibn al-Jawzī, Mir’āt al-zamān fī ta’rīkh (Hyderabad, 1952), vol. 8, pt. 1, 394.
30 Chevedden, “Development,” 36–8. The subject has been discussed y Chevedden in several articles: Chevedden, P. E., “Artillery in late antiquity,” in The Medieval City under Siege , eds. I. Corfis and M. Wolfe (Woodbridge, 1995), 131–73; ibid., “The tebuchet: recent reconstructions and computer simulations reveal the operating principles of the most powerful weapon of its time,” Scientific America (1995, July): 80–6; Michaudel, “Islamic military architecture,” 106, 109, 112. Kennedy seems to support this idea although he is slightly cautious: Kennedy, Castles , 9. The
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