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had immediately shouted in his turn: ‘They are patriots, not buffoons. You are a Fascist, there’s a Fascist here. I’m an evacuee from Genoa, I’ve lost my house in Genoa. He’s a Fascist, he’s a Fascist’ (ibid., p. 125).
    71 See Gorrieri,
La Repubblica di Montefiorino
, pp. 696–8.
    72 To be found in ‘Chiarezza. Quaderni di discussione politica tra giovani’, July– August 1944 (typescript).
    73 The episode is recorded in M. Di Giovanni’s degree thesis. In units gifted with a strong
esprit de corps
like the paratroopers, the choice made by the commanders in favour of the Germans or in favour of the Allies carried great, but not absolute, weight.
    74 See M. Di Giovanni’s degree thesis. For other cases see G. Pisanò,
Storia della guerra civile in Italia (1943–1945)
, 3 vols, Milan: Edizioni FPE, 1965–66, vol. I, 1965, pp. 68–70.
    75 Episodes of this kind are reported, for the province of Belluno, by S. Tramontin, ‘Contadini e movimento partigiano nelle relazioni di parroci bellunesi, in
Società rurale
, p. 285.
    76 See D. Lajolo,
Il ‘voltagabbana’
, Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1963, Chapter X (the words quoted are on p. 198).
    77 ‘Divagazioni sulla viltà’, in
Il Giornale dell’Emilia
, 21 December 1944, quoted in T. M. Mazzotosta, ‘Educazione e scuola nella Repubblica Sociale Italiana’, in
Storia contemporanea
IX (1978), p. 64.
    78 Emanuele Frezza’s letter to his parents, 20 November 1943 (
LRSI
, p. 44).
    79 Letter written by Massimo Moratti, 25 October 1943 (
LRSI
, p. 271).
    80 This was Mario Merlini (
LRSI
, pp. 210–11).
    81 The episode I am referring to is recounted by N. Della Santa, ‘Oggi più che mai no’, in ANEI,
Resistenza senz’armi. Un capitolo di storia italiana (1943–45) dalle testimonianze di militari toscani internati nei Lager nazisti
, Florence: Le Monnier, 1984, quoted in G. Rochat, ‘Memorialistica e storiografia sull’internamento’, in N. Della Santa, ed.,
I militari italiani internati dai tedeschi dopo l’8 settembre 1943
, Florence: Giunti, 1986, p. 34. On the internees in Germany, indispensable reading is Vittorio Emanuele Giuntella’s civil and historiographical work; see in particular
Il nazismo e i Lager
, Rome: Studium, 1979. See also C. Schminck-Gustavus,
L’attesa. Cronaca di una prigonia al tempo dei Lager
, Rome: Riuniti, 1989; and A. Bendotti, G. Bertacchi, M. Pelliccioli and E. Valtulina, eds,
Prigionieri in Germania
, Bergamo: Il filo di Arianna, 1990.
    82 See the paraphrase of a page of Elis given in M. Eve, ‘L’ opera storica di Norbert Elias’, in
Rivista di storia contemporanea
XII (1983), p. 400.
    83 See Lucien Febvre, ‘How to Reconstruct the Emotional Life of the Past’, in
A New Kind of History and Other Essays
, New York: Harper & Row, 1973, esp. p. 15.
    84 For the theory of groups in fusion see J.-P. Sartre,
Critique of Dialectical Reason
, London: Verso, 2004, above all in the section ‘The Fused Group. The group – the equivalence of freedom as necessity and of necessity as freedom’ (original edition:
Critique de la raison dialectique
, Paris: Gallimard, 1960).
    85 Mazzantini,
A cercar la bella morte
, p. 42.
    86 See for example A. Del Noce’s article, ‘La tragedia dell’8 settembre’, published by
Il Tempo
, 26 November 1988, with the significant subtitle ‘L’inizio di una revisione nell’ opera di Bartoli’ (the reference being to D. Bartoli,
L’Italia si arrende. La tragedia dell’8 settembre 1943
, Milan: Editoriale Nuova, 1988).
    87 Captain Alberto Tombari’s letter to Mussolini, 25 October 1944 (ACS,
SPD, CR, RSI
, envelope 24, folder 167).
    88 Memorial letter written to a friend, 18 October 1943, a copy of which was then sent to Mussolini by Rizzati.
    89 See for example the essence that G. Pansa drew from the GNR reports in ‘L’ esercito di Salò nei rapporti riservati alla Guardia nazionale repubblica 1943–44’,
Quaderni del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia
, Milan 1969, vol. 3, p. 142.