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example, M. Murphy, “The Valley of Poverty,”
Life
, January 31, 1964; James Reston Jr., “Appalachia: No Place for the Young,”
Chicago Daily News
, February 1, 1965; Ben B. Seligman, “Appalachia as Symbol,”
Nation
, February 22, 1965; Reese Cleghorn, “Appalachia: Poverty, Beauty and Poverty,”
New York Times Magazine
, April 25, 1965; and Jack E. Weller, “Is There a Future for Yesterday’s People?”
Saturday Review of Literature
, October 16, 1965.
3. D EVELOPING THE P OOR
    1 . David M. Potter,
People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954).
    2 . Alice O’Connor,
Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 100.
    3 . O’Connor,
Poverty Knowledge
, 102–23.
    4 . Harrington, “Our Fifty Million Poor,” 25; Harrington,
Other America
, 167.
    5 . Quoted in Unger,
Best of Intentions
, 78.
    6 . Dallek,
Flawed Giant
, 76–79; Unger,
Best of Intentions
, 80–83; Gillette,
Launching the War
, 26–31.
    7 . Anderson, “Poverty, Unemployment,” 82–84; Sar A. Levitan,
The Design of Federal Antipoverty Strategy
(Ann Arbor: Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of Michigan, 1967), 8–10.
    8 . Dallek,
Flawed Giant
, 60; Unger,
Best of Intentions
, 78–79; Gillette,
Launching the War
, 72–73.
    9 . Unger,
Best of Intentions
, 78.
    10 . Gillette,
Launching the War
, 74; Dallek,
Flawed Giant
, 80.
    11 . Nicolas Lemann,
The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America
(New York: Vintage, 1992), 97–103.
    12 . Oscar Lewis,
The Children of Sanchez: Autobiography of a Mexican Family
(New York: Random House, 1961); Oscar Lewis,
La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty
(New York: Random House, 1966). See also O’Connor,
Poverty Knowledge
, 117–21, and Unger,
Best of Intentions
, 29–30.
    13 . Rupert Vance, “The Region: A New Survey,” in Ford,
Southern Appalachian Region
, 7–8.
    14 . Harrington,
Other America
, 146.
    15 . Frank Mankieitz quoted in Gillette,
Launching the War
, 90.
    16 . Ibid., 87.
    17 . Arnold Toynbee,
A Study of History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1947), 2:312.
    18 . Jack E. Weller,
Yesterday’s People: Life in Contemporary Appalachia
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965), 7.
    19 . Rupert Vance, introduction to ibid., ix.
    20 . Branscome,
Federal Government in Appalachia
, 32.
    21 . See Richard L. Hoffman, “Community Action: Innovative and Coordinative Strategies in the War on Poverty” (PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 1969).
    22 . Carrie Celia Mullins, “Poverty and Politics: One Kentucky County’s Version of the War on Poverty” (unpublished graduate student essay, 1994), in the author’s possession, 6–10.
    23 . Willis A. Sutton Jr., “Differential Perceptions of the Impact of a Rural Anti-Poverty Campaign,”
Social Science Quarterly
50 (1969); Bill Peterson, “Poor-People Power,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 11, 1972. See also Paul Street et al.,
Community Action in Appalachia: An Appraisal of the War on Poverty in a Rural Setting in Southeastern Kentucky
, 3 vols. (Lexington: University of Kentucky Center for Developmental Change, 1965–1968).
    24 . See Huey Perry,
“They’ll Cut Off Your Project”: A Mingo County Chronicle
(New York: Praeger, 1972).
    25 . Douglass Arnett, “Eastern Kentucky and the Politics of Dependency and Development” (PhD diss., Duke University, 1978), 172.
    26 . O’Connor,
Poverty Knowledge
, 168.
    27 . Unger,
Best of Intentions
, 152.
    28 . O’Connor,
Poverty Knowledge
, 13.
    29 .
New York Times
, April 26, 1960; J. Allan Smith, “Action Program for Mountain Counties,”
Mountain Life and Work
, Summer 1961, 12–18;
Louisville