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“Working with the Poor,”
New Republic
, November 9, 1965, 39.
    4 . “The War within the War,”
Time
, May 13, 1966, 25;
U.S. News and World Report
, December 13, 1965, 29.
    5 . “War within the War,” 25.
    6 . Joe Malloy, interview by Thomas Kiffmeyer, quoted in John M. Glen, “The War on Poverty in Appalachia: Oral History from the Top Down and the Bottom Up,”
Oral History Review
22, no. 1 (1995): 84.
    7 . Ibid., 84–85.
    8 . For a fuller assessment and critique of Caudill’s perspective on Appalachia, see Ronald D Eller, “Harry Caudill and the Burden of Mountain Liberalism,” in
Critical Essays in Appalachian Life and Culture: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Appalachian Studies Conference
, ed. Rick Simon (Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1982).
    9 . Harry M. Caudill, “Misdeal in Appalachia,”
Atlantic
, June 1965, 44.
    10 . Ibid.
    11 . Harry Caudill to Milton Ogle, May 4, 1966, Appalachian VolunteersRecords, box 21, Southern Appalachian Archives, Special Collections and Archives, Hutchins Library, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.
    12 . Naomi Weintraub Cohen, interview by Gibbs Kinderman, “Voices from the Sixties,” August 16, 1987, quoted in Glen, “War on Poverty,” 85.
    13 . “979 Community Action Council” (typescript of fund-raising history, ca. 1970), in the author’s possession.
    14 .
Hawkeye
, September 1968.
    15 . “Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization” (ca. 1970), in the author’s possession.
    16 . Maxine Kenny, “Mountain Health Care: Politics, Power and Profits,”
Mountain Life and Work
, April 1971, 14–17.
    17 . Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 191–95.
    18 . Kyle Vance, “Poor Mobilize in Appalachia: Talk of March,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 19, 1967.
    19 . Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty,
Examination of the War on Poverty
, 90th Cong., 1st sess., 1967, 52–57, 279–90.
    20 . Vance, “Poor Mobilize in Appalachia.”
    21 . Whisnant,
Modernizing the Mountaineer
, 193–94.
    22 . K. W. Lee, “Fair Elections in West Virginia,” in Walls and Stephenson,
Appalachia in the Sixties
.
    23 . Clark Miller, “Era of Change: Volunteers Helped Appalachia and Vice Versa,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 15, 1988; Lee, “Fair Elections,” 170.
    24 . Lee, “Fair Elections,” 168–70.
    25 . Chad Montrie,
To Save the Land and People: A History of Opposition to Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 72–74.
    26 . Ibid., 63–65.
    27 . Ibid., 75–78.
    28 . The following account of Combs’s story is drawn from a number of sources, including “Strip Mining, January 10, 1965–December 23, 1965,” Anne and Harry Caudill Papers, box 19, folder 4, Special Collections Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington; Guy Carawan and Candie Carawan,
Voices from the Mountains
(New York: Knopf, 1975), 44–48; Montrie,
To Save the Land
, 79; and “Mrs. Ollie Combs Family Scrapbook.” I wish to thank the Combs family for use of a CD copy of the latter collection of photographs and newspaper clippings.
    29 . Harry M. Caudill,
The Watches of the Night: A New Plea for Appalachia
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 42.
    30 . Montrie,
To Save the Land
, 87–88.
    31 . Joe Mulloy, “The Appalachian Story,”
Bill of Rights Journal
, December 1969, 31.
    32 . Anne Braden, “The McSurely Case and Repression in the 1960s,”
Southern Exposure
, September–October 1983, 24; Caudill,
Watches of the Night
, 47.
    33 . “Sedition Is Laid to Three in Kentucky,”
New York Times
, August 13, 1967; Braden, “McSurely Case,” 24.
    34 . Braden, “McSurely Case,” 26.
    35 . Charles Young, “The Trial of Alan and Margaret McSurely,”
Southern Exposure
,