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Pa., 2002), pp. 1–38.
      26. Quoted in S. Jones,
Y: The Descent of Man
(London, 2002), p. xv.
      27. B. Hill,
Women, Work and Sexual Politics in the Eighteenth Century
(Oxford, 1990), pp. 24–68, offers an approving summary of these views.
      28. For the United States, see N. F. Cott,
The Bonds of Womanhood: Woman’s Sphere in New England, 1780–1835
(New Haven, 1977); M. Ryan,
Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790–1865
(Cambridge, 1981). For the United Kingdom, see C. Hall, “The Early Formation of Domestic Ideology,” in S. Burman, ed.,
Fit Work for Women
(London, 1979), pp. 15–32; L. Davidoff and C. Hall,
Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850
(Chicago, 1987).
      29. T. Laqueur,
Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud
(Cambridge, Mass., 1990); M. McKeon, “Historicising Patriarchy: The Emergence of Gender Difference in England, 1660–1760,”
Eighteenth Century Studies
28 (1995): 295–322; T. Hitchcock, “Redefining Sex in Eighteenth-Century England,”
History Workshop Journal
41 (1996): 72–90; Hitchcock,
English Sexualities, 1700–1800
(Basingstoke, 1997), esp. p. 49.
      30. A. Vickery, “Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women’s History,”
Historical Journal
36 (1993): 385; Cott,
Bonds of Womanhood
, pp. 160–206; C. Smith-Rosenberg, “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations Between Women in Nineteenth-Century America,”
Signs
1 (1975): 9–10; M. Vicinus,
Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850–1920
(London, 1985), p. 3; M. Shanley,
Feminism, Marriage and the Law in Victorian England
(London, 1989), pp. 6–7.
      31. Vickery, “Golden Age to Separate Spheres?,” pp. 383, 388; Davidoff and Hall,
Family Fortunes
, pp. 11, 454.
      32. Reprinted in Agonito,
History of Ideas on Woman
, pp. 397–402.
      33. M. Hines,
Brain Gender
(Oxford, 2004), esp. pp. 222–23, 226–28.
      34. Plato’s classic text is reprinted in Agonito,
History of Ideas on Woman
, pp. 23–39; English,
Sex Equality
, pp. 13–19. For Plato as a feminist, see J. Annas, “Plato’s Republic and Feminism,”
Philosophy
51 (1976): 307–21; N. Tuana, ed.,
Feminist Interpretations of Plato
(University Park, Pa., 1995). In other contexts, however, Plato does not maintain this view of women, as in the
Laws
or in the
Timaeus
: see C. G. Allen, “Plato on Women,”
Feminist Studies
2 (1975): 131–38; M. Canto, “The Politics of Women’s Bodies: Reflections on Plato,” in S. R. Suleiman, ed.,
The Female Body in Western Culture
(Cambridge, Mass., 1986), pp. 339–53. For a judicious appraisal of these issues, see G. Vlastos,“Was Plato a Feminist?,”
Times Literary Supplement
, March 17–23, 1989, pp. 276, 288–89.
      35. Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, p. 6; K. Offen,
European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History
(Stanford, 2000), p. 34.
      36. Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, p. 15; Offen,
European Feminisms
, p. 57.
      37. Hufton,
Prospect Before Her
, pp. 461–62; J. W. Scott, “French Feminists and the Rights of ‘Man’: Olympe de Gouge’s Declarations,”
History Workshop Journal
, no. 28 (1989): 1–21; Scott,
Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man
(Cambridge, Mass., 1996), p. 42.
      38. Hufton,
Prospect Before Her
, pp. 453–55; Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 20, 23; M. Wollstonecraft,
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(New York, 1988 ed.), p. 175.
      39. Colossians 3:18; Galatians 3:28; Mendelson and Crawford,
Women in Early Modern England
, p. 31.
      40. Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 42, 45–46.
      41. R. J. Evans,
The Feminists: Women’s Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920
(London, 1977), pp. 46–47.
      42. Stansell,
Feminist Promise
, pp. 69–71; A. S. Rossi, ed.,
The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir
(Boston, 1973), pp.