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72
    traditional schools, 173–76, 177–78, 181–82
    Traxler, William Byrd, Jr., 155
    truancy, 114
    Truman, Harry, 58
    â€œtwoness” and identity, 96, 147, 197
    2011 pupil reassignment plan lawsuit, 190–91
    unemployment, 26, 37, 72
    UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), 37
    unitary school districts, 117, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 169
    United Theological Seminary, 127
    Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 37
    University of California v. Bakke
, 144
    University of Kentucky, 24, 43
    University of Louisville, 39, 97
    University of Michigan, 175–76, 182, 191
    University of Mississippi, x
    urban decay, 62–63
    urban population, 75
    urban renewal, 50, 62–65, 67, 188, 196
    urban school district decline, 116
    Valley Station, Kentucky, 97
    values and community strength, 199
    Vietnam War protests, 68–69
    Vinson, Fred, 46
    violence.
See
racial turmoil and violence
    Virginia Union University, 33
    VISTA, 70
    vouchers, school, 156–57
    Wade, Andrew, 44–45, 48, 53, 74, 76
    Walcott, Dennis, 26
    Walker, Newman, 81
    Walker, Vanessa Siddle, 32
    Wallace, George, 79, 85
    War on Poverty, 70, 105
    Warren, Earl, 46–48, 78–79, 117
    Washington, Booker T., 32–33, 42, 49, 69
    Washington, DC, 196
    Washington Post
, 85–86, 119, 120
    Watergate scandal, 88, 90
    wealth gap, 26
    Weathers, Carman: activism of, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 137, 140, 163, 168, 187, 188; on all-black high schools, 115, 164–65, 166; appearance of, 20; coaching career of, 109–10; on desegregation, 194, 197; early years of, 107–8; Lyman Johnson and, 108; as SAVE founder, 130, 146; school closures and, 110, 111; on school desegregation, 124–25, 131–32, 140, 153; self-advocacy of, 109; Deborah Stallworth and, 133; views on race, 20–21, 168
    weighted lottery, 154–55
    West Chestnut Street Baptist Church, 180
    West End Community Council, 70
    Whitaker, Stanley, 110
    white activists, 84–85, 87–91, 127, 173–74
    White Citizens Council, 53, 54
    white flight: civil rights movement and, 64–65; prevention of, 192; school desegregation and, 4, 9, 88, 97, 102–3, 112–13, 116; suburbanization and, 68, 176; urbanization and, 75
    white majority schools, 56, 95, 96, 108,110–11
    white parents: on busing, 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 103, 112; school choice and, 157, 170; traditional schools and, 174.
See also
white flight
    white school districts, 198
    white school officials, 124
    white students: assessment testing of, 121, 177; busing of, 112–13; magnet schools and, 55–56, 129, 132–33, 133–34; school choice and, 157, 170; socioeconomic status and, 190
    Whiting, John, 95, 160–61
    Whitney Young Elementary School, 173
    Wilkins, Roger, 85–86
    Williams, Aubrey, 159, 160, 166
    Wilson, Atwood, 50–51, 66–67
    Withers, Daniel, 180
    Woodward, C. Vann, 75
    X, Malcolm, 22, 68, 69, 96, 119, 127, 130
    X, Riccardo: activism of, 24, 27, 70, 179–81, 187; as African Studies teacher, 22, 179, 189; on busing, 98; as CEASE member, 151; early years of, 22, 62–63, 65, 67–68, 69–70, 188; education of, 72–73; as high school history teacher, 93, 94, 95, 98, 132; retirement of, 189
    zoning, use in school desegregation, 81

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    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
    Garland, Sarah.
    Divided we fail : the story of an African American community that ended the era of school desegregation / Sarah Garland.
    p. cm.
    Includes bibliographical references and index.
    ISBN 978-0-8070-0177-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
    E-ISBN 978-0-8070-0178-3
    1. Parents