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through, 191; teacher layoff and firing use in, x, 110, 114, 153, 195–96; traditional schools and, 173–76, 177–78, 181–82; of unitary school districts, 117, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 169; urban school district decline and, 116; weighted lottery use in, 154–55; zoning use in, 81.
See also
busing
    school funding, 25, 38–39, 50–51, 85–86, 125
    school “resegregation,” 128
    school vouchers, 156–57
    Seattle case.
See Parents v. Seattle School District
    segregation: housing, 44–45, 48–49, 88, 96–97; Jim Crow–era, 4, 17, 19, 26, 42; Louisville, 36–37; separate but equal doctrine and, 43, 47, 50; sexual stereotypes and, 43
    Shawnee High School: graduation rates, 138; integration of, 67, 95, 160; as majority black school, 15–16; reputation of, 13, 18, 142–43
    Shawnee Junior High School, 110
    Shawnee neighborhood, 68
    Shields, Terrell, 146
    Shively, Kentucky, 5, 48, 74–75, 75–76, 97
    Shively Newsweek
, 48, 74, 81
    Silent Majority, 89, 197–98
    Simple Justice
(Kluger), 147
    Sims, Robert, 70, 71–72
    single-parent black families, 26
    sit-ins, x, 57
    Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 181, 182
    Sizemore, Barbara, 128
    â€œsmall schools” movement, 177
    SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 71
    social issues and black achievement, 26, 104
    socioeconomic status, 189–90, 197.
See also
poverty
    SOCS (Save Our Community Schools), 84–85, 87, 89, 91, 127
    Souls of Black Folk
(Du Bois), 147
    South End neighborhood, xi, 5
    Southern Baptists, 19
    Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 70
    Southern High School, 22, 93, 94
    â€œThe Southern Strategy” (Nixon), 79
    special education tracks, 15, 161
    Spond, Joyce: early years of, 74, 75–76; as school volunteer, 76–77, 91, 92; as SOCS activist, 84–85, 87, 88–89, 90, 91, 103, 127, 173–74
    Stallworth, Deborah, 133, 151, 154, 163, 166, 186, 187
    standards.
See
accountability and outcomes
    Stanley, Frank, 57
    Stevenson, Adlai, 55
    Stoner, Jacquelyn: activism of, 28; as
Hampton
lawsuit plaintiff, 133, 138; high school experience of, 15–17, 93, 95, 143; as a parent, 13–14, 15, 17, 18; personality of, 15
    Stoner, Ja’Mekia: Central High admissions efforts of, 13–14, 17–18, 27, 138; on discrimination, 192; elementary school experience of, 14–15, 142; as
Hampton
lawsuit plaintiff, 133, 143; high school experience of, 142–43, 192; lessons learned from her mother, 17; middle school experience of, 15, 28, 142
    Stoner, La’Quinn, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18
    student assignment plans, 81, 129, 132–33, 189–90
    Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 71
    suburban black population, 97, 113
    suburban development, 36, 74–75
    suburban school districts, 84, 97, 198
    suburban students, 97, 113
    summer learning loss, 188
    summer riots of 1960s, 68, 70, 76, 77
    Supreme Court, U.S.: on affirmative action, 175–76, 182, 191; assassination threat, 54; on busing, 118, 119, 120; on desegregation, 32; on racial integration, 186–87, 199; on school desegregation, ix, 43, 45, 76, 78–80, 83–84, 117, 127, 181–87, 189; segregated housing law ruling, 37, 43
    Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board ofEducation
, 79–80, 83, 117, 155
    â€œteaching the test,” 125
    teen pregnancy rates, 116
    Tenth Ward School, 108
    Thernstrom, Abigail, 178
    Thernstrom, Stephan, 178
    Thomas, Clarence, 119–20, 185, 186
    Thomas, Fran Newton: activism of, 21–22, 23, 25, 28, 58–59, 130–31, 132, 137, 159, 168, 169, 187–88; on all-black schools, 163–64, 166; early years of, 34–35, 37–38, 39–40, 64, 66; education of, 37–38, 39, 50; personality of, 21; Deborah Stallworth and, 133
    Thomas, Virgil, 58–59
    Thomas Jefferson High School, 110, 111, 142
    Till, Emmett, 65–66, 69
    Time
, 55, 85
    Todd, Pat, 162–63, 174, 175
    To Die for the People
(Newton),