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1914–1941,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 16; available at http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/bms/1914-1941/BMS14-41_complete.pdf.
    Wilson next threatened: For Wilson’s threats to take his fight either to the people or to a Democratic caucus, see these four articles in
The New York Times,
all from the fall of 1913: “Wilson May Stump for Currency Bill” (October 3), “Money Bill Delay Stirs Up President” (October 7), “To Urge Money Bill as a Party Measure” (October 8), and “Bankers Views in Senate” (October 10). See also Link,
Wilson and the Progressive Era,
51; Link,
The New Freedom,
230; Primm,
A Foregone Conclusion,
chapter 2; and, most especially, Ellis,
Speaking to the People,
170, which includes Wilson’s comment to the
Washington Post.
    they anchored on the Potomac: Broesamle,
William Gibbs McAdoo,
113.
    unveiled a softer approach: “Altered Money Bill May Satisfy Wilson,”
The New York Times,
October 17, 1913; Cooper,
Woodrow Wilson,
223; and Link,
The New Freedom
,
231.
    Each of the three holdouts: For background on the three renegade senators, see Cooper,
Woodrow Wilson,
223, 225, and 623; Primm,
A Foregone Conclusion;
and Link,
The New Freedom,
228. On Hitchcock, in particular, see Thomas W. Ryley,
Gilbert
Hitchcock of Nebraska: Wilson’s Floor Leader in the Fight for
the Versailles Treaty
(Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998), especially 58–62. For “O’Gorman’s resistance,” see Kenneth E. Miller,
From Progressive
to New Dealer: Frederic C. Howe and American Liberalism
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010), 205–6. The
New York
Times
coverage of O’Gorman’s efforts to secure patronage in the spring of 1913 documents that Wilson ignored O’Gorman on his first significant local appointment, for U.S. Attorney in the Southern District of New York, and was set to ignore him again, for collector of customs—but then reversed course and appointed O’Gorman’s man: see “Marshall Named for Wise’s Place,”
The New York Times,
April 16, 1913; “Test for O’Gorman on Collectorship,” ibid., April 18, 1913; “Polk Out of Race; O’Gorman’s Victory,” ibid., April 30, 1913; and “Mitchel Nominated for Port Collector,” ibid., May 8, 1913. On Reed, see Daniel McCarthy, “Show Me a Statesman,”
The University Bookman
46, no. 3 (Fall 2008), a review of Lee Meriwether’s
Jim Reed,
Senatorial Immortal
) that is available at www.kirkcenter.org/index.php/bookman/article/show-me-a-statesman/.
    “The stature of such a man”: H. L. Mencken, “James A. Reed of Missouri,”
American Mercury,
April 1929; available at http://truthbasedlogic.com/ownman.htm.
    After the three renegades:
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
,
28:369–70; and “Altered Money Bill May Satisfy Wilson,”
The New York Times,
October 17, 1913.
    more encouraging remarks: Wilson to James O’Gorman, October 21, 1913, in
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson,
28:421; and Wilson to James Reed, October 23, 1913, in ibid., 425.
    he might be willing to compromise: “Wilson Won’t Fight Money Bill Changes,”
The New York Times,
October 21 1913. According to Link,
Wilson: The New Freedom,
231, the President seemed on the verge of coming to terms with O’Gorman and Reed.
    The genesis of Vanderlip’s proposal: See Vanderlip testimony in
Banking and Currency: Hearings,
3:1933–2037 and 2052–69, October 8, 1913. In a September 24, 1913, letter to James Stillman (Vanderlip Papers, Box b1-5), Vanderlip noted that he first met with O’Gorman and Reed in White Sulfur, West Virginia, in mid-September; the two senators expressed their opposition to the bill and encouraged him to appear before the committee. See also Vanderlip to James Stillman, October 10, 1913, ibid.
    Privately, he expressed himself: Vanderlip to Stillman, October 10, 1913.
    “are the great debtors of the country”:
Banking and Currency: Hearings,
3:2056, October 8, 1913.
    a unitary central bank: Vanderlip to Stillman,