free-ranging sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys atys ) from the Tai forest, Côte d’Ivoire: implications for the origin of epidemic HIV-2 . J Virol ( 2005 ), 79 : 12515 –27.
28. Chen Z et al. Genetic characterization of new West African SIV sm : geographic clustering of household-derived SIV strains with HIV-2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop . J Virol ( 1996 ), 70 : 3617 –27.
29. Chen Z et al. HIV-2 seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV-2 subtype from the natural range of SIV-infected sooty mangabey . J Virol ( 1997 ), 71 : 3953 –60.
30. Poulsen AG et al. Prevalence of and mortality from HIV-2 in Bissau, West Africa . Lancet ( 1989 ), 1 : 827 –31.
31. Poulsen AG et al. 9-year HIV-2 associated mortality in an urban community in Bissau, west Africa . Lancet ( 1997 ), 349 : 911 –14.
32. Ricard D et al. The effects of HIV-2 in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 1994 ), 8 : 977 –82.
33. Gottlieb GS et al. Lower levels of HIV-1 RNA in semen in HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 infection: implications for differences in transmission . AIDS ( 2006 ), 20 : 895 –900.
34. Ghys P et al. The association between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire . AIDS ( 1997 ), 11 : F85 –F93.
35. Van der Loeff M et al. Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2 . AIDS ( 1999 ), 13 : S69 –S84.
36. Poulsen AG et al. Risk factors of HIV-2 seropositivity among older people in Guinea-Bissau. A search for the early history of HIV-2 infection . Scand J Infect Dis ( 2000 ), 32 : 169 –75.
37. Norrgren H et al. HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I/II and Treponema pallidum infections: incidence, prevalence and HIV-2 associated mortality in an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau . JAIDS ( 1995 ), 9 : 422 –8.
38. Wilkins A et al. The epidemiology of HIV infection in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 1993 ), 7 : 1119 –22.
39. Larsen O et al. Declining HIV-2 prevalence and incidence among men in a community study from Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 1998 ), 12 : 1707 –14.
40. Holmgren B et al. Dual infections with HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-I are more common in older women than in men in Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 2003 ), 17 : 241 –53.
41. Da Silva ZJ et al. Changes in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual infections in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: is HIV-2 disappearing ? AIDS ( 2008 ), 22 : 1195 –202.
42. Spiegel P et al. Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan countries: a systematic review . Lancet ( 1997 ), 369 : 2187 –95.
43. Gomes P et al. Transmission of HIV-2 . Lancet Infect Dis ( 2003 ), 3 : 683 –4.
44. Supervie V et al. Assessing the impact of mass rape on the incidence of HIV in conflict-affected countries . AIDS ( 2010 ), 24 : 2481 –7.
45. Piedade J . Longstanding presence of HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau (west Africa) . Acta Trop ( 2000 ), 76 : 119 –24.
46. Kawamura M et al. HIV-2 in West Africa in 1966 . Lancet ( 1989 ), 1 : 385 .
47. US Census Bureau . HIV/AIDS surveillance data base . Washington , 2006 .
48. Bryceson A et al. HIV-2 associated AIDS in the 1970s . Lancet ( 1988 ), 2 : 221 .
49. Saimot AG et al. HIV-2/LAV-2 in Portuguese man with AIDS (Paris, 1978) who had served in Angola in 1968–74 . Lancet ( 1987 ), 1 : 688 .
50. Ancelle R et al. Long incubation period for HIV-2 infection . Lancet ( 1987 ), 1 : 688 –9.
51. Mota-Miranda A et al. HIV-2 infection with a long asymptomatic report . J Infect ( 1995 ), 31 : 163 –4.
52. Lemey P et al. Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ( 2003 ), 100 : 6588 –92.
53. Wertheim JO et al. Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2 . PLoS Comput Biol ( 2009 ), 5 : e1000377 .
54. Mansson F et al. Trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence among pregnant women in
28. Chen Z et al. Genetic characterization of new West African SIV sm : geographic clustering of household-derived SIV strains with HIV-2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop . J Virol ( 1996 ), 70 : 3617 –27.
29. Chen Z et al. HIV-2 seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV-2 subtype from the natural range of SIV-infected sooty mangabey . J Virol ( 1997 ), 71 : 3953 –60.
30. Poulsen AG et al. Prevalence of and mortality from HIV-2 in Bissau, West Africa . Lancet ( 1989 ), 1 : 827 –31.
31. Poulsen AG et al. 9-year HIV-2 associated mortality in an urban community in Bissau, west Africa . Lancet ( 1997 ), 349 : 911 –14.
32. Ricard D et al. The effects of HIV-2 in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 1994 ), 8 : 977 –82.
33. Gottlieb GS et al. Lower levels of HIV-1 RNA in semen in HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 infection: implications for differences in transmission . AIDS ( 2006 ), 20 : 895 –900.
34. Ghys P et al. The association between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire . AIDS ( 1997 ), 11 : F85 –F93.
35. Van der Loeff M et al. Towards a better understanding of the epidemiology of HIV-2 . AIDS ( 1999 ), 13 : S69 –S84.
36. Poulsen AG et al. Risk factors of HIV-2 seropositivity among older people in Guinea-Bissau. A search for the early history of HIV-2 infection . Scand J Infect Dis ( 2000 ), 32 : 169 –75.
37. Norrgren H et al. HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV-I/II and Treponema pallidum infections: incidence, prevalence and HIV-2 associated mortality in an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau . JAIDS ( 1995 ), 9 : 422 –8.
38. Wilkins A et al. The epidemiology of HIV infection in a rural area of Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 1993 ), 7 : 1119 –22.
39. Larsen O et al. Declining HIV-2 prevalence and incidence among men in a community study from Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 1998 ), 12 : 1707 –14.
40. Holmgren B et al. Dual infections with HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-I are more common in older women than in men in Guinea-Bissau . AIDS ( 2003 ), 17 : 241 –53.
41. Da Silva ZJ et al. Changes in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and dual infections in urban areas of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau: is HIV-2 disappearing ? AIDS ( 2008 ), 22 : 1195 –202.
42. Spiegel P et al. Prevalence of HIV infection in conflict affected and displaced people in seven sub-Saharan countries: a systematic review . Lancet ( 1997 ), 369 : 2187 –95.
43. Gomes P et al. Transmission of HIV-2 . Lancet Infect Dis ( 2003 ), 3 : 683 –4.
44. Supervie V et al. Assessing the impact of mass rape on the incidence of HIV in conflict-affected countries . AIDS ( 2010 ), 24 : 2481 –7.
45. Piedade J . Longstanding presence of HIV-2 in Guinea-Bissau (west Africa) . Acta Trop ( 2000 ), 76 : 119 –24.
46. Kawamura M et al. HIV-2 in West Africa in 1966 . Lancet ( 1989 ), 1 : 385 .
47. US Census Bureau . HIV/AIDS surveillance data base . Washington , 2006 .
48. Bryceson A et al. HIV-2 associated AIDS in the 1970s . Lancet ( 1988 ), 2 : 221 .
49. Saimot AG et al. HIV-2/LAV-2 in Portuguese man with AIDS (Paris, 1978) who had served in Angola in 1968–74 . Lancet ( 1987 ), 1 : 688 .
50. Ancelle R et al. Long incubation period for HIV-2 infection . Lancet ( 1987 ), 1 : 688 –9.
51. Mota-Miranda A et al. HIV-2 infection with a long asymptomatic report . J Infect ( 1995 ), 31 : 163 –4.
52. Lemey P et al. Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ( 2003 ), 100 : 6588 –92.
53. Wertheim JO et al. Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2 . PLoS Comput Biol ( 2009 ), 5 : e1000377 .
54. Mansson F et al. Trends of HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence among pregnant women in
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