Louis-Philippe and the proclamation of the Second Republic at the Hôtel de Ville, with the poet Alphonse de Lamartine at its head. (June) Further riots, with barricades in the east and center of Paris. Some 1,500 of the insurgents are killed and 12,000 placed under arrest during what become known as the "June Days."
(December) Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, returning from exile in London, is elected to a four-year term as President of the Second Republic, with a majority of four million votes.
1850 (August) Death in England of the deposed King Louis-Philippe.
1851 (December) Backed by the army, Louis-Napoléon seizes personal control of the government in a coup d'état.
1852 (January) Louis-Napoléon promulgates a new constitution which confirms him in office for a period of ten years and gives him executive powers to command the armed forces, declare war and make laws.
(March) Decree banning gatherings of more than twenty persons.
(December) Exactly one year after his coup d'etat, Louis-Napoléon proclaims himself Emperor of the French, reigning under the dynastic title Napoléon III. The Second Empire is declared.
1854 (March) The Crimean War begins as France and Britain declare war on Russia.
1855 (May-November) Universal Exposition held in Paris.
1856 (March) The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War.
1859 (May) France declares war on Austria.
(June) French troops defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Solferino.
(July) France and Austria sign a peace treaty at the Conference of Villafranca.
1861 (April) American Civil War begins.
1862 (April) France declares war on Mexico.
(May) French troops defeated at Puebla.
(August) Confederate forces under Stonewall Jackson defeat the Union Army at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
(September) Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister-President of Prussia.
1863 (May) French troops capture Puebla after a two-month siege; Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia is victorious at the Battle of Chancellorsville; candidates supporting Napoléon III win 250 of 282 seats in elections for the Legislative Assembly.
(June) French troops enter Mexico City. (July) Confederate forces defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg.
1864 (May) General Ulysses S. Grant begins his summer campaign against the South with the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania.
(June) Union forces suffer heavy casualties at the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia; naval battle off Cherbourg between the U.S.S. Kearsarge and the C.S.S. Alabama; Austrian Archduke Maximilian arrives in Mexico City.
(September) The Franco-Italian Convention stipulates the withdrawal of all French troops from Rome, where they have been safeguarding the papacy; the International Working Men's Association is founded in London.
1865 (April) Civil War ends as General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House; Abraham Lincoln is assassinated.
(October) The United States demands the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico.
1866 (July) Prussia defeats Austria in the Seven Weeks' War; French troops begin their retreat from Mexico.
(December) Under the terms of the Franco-Italian Convention, all French troops leave Rome except for a garrison of volunteers protecting the pope.
1867 (January) Napoléon III announces a series of liberal reforms.
(February) The last French troops evacuate Mexico.
(April) Opening of the Universal Exposition in Paris.
(June) The Emperor Maximilian is executed by Mexican republicans led by Benito Juárez.
(September) Giuseppe Garibaldi escapes from custody and marches on the Papal States.
(November) French troops, dispatched into Italy toprotect the pope, defeat Garibaldi at Mentana.
1868 (May) Napoléon III relaxes laws on the censorship of the press; new journals, hostile to his regime, abound.
1869 (June) Elections for the Legislative Assembly result in opponents of Louis-Napoléon claiming more than forty percent of the vote; strikes and violence at La Ricamarie.
1870 (January) Émile Ollivier becomes Minister of Justice in
(December) Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, returning from exile in London, is elected to a four-year term as President of the Second Republic, with a majority of four million votes.
1850 (August) Death in England of the deposed King Louis-Philippe.
1851 (December) Backed by the army, Louis-Napoléon seizes personal control of the government in a coup d'état.
1852 (January) Louis-Napoléon promulgates a new constitution which confirms him in office for a period of ten years and gives him executive powers to command the armed forces, declare war and make laws.
(March) Decree banning gatherings of more than twenty persons.
(December) Exactly one year after his coup d'etat, Louis-Napoléon proclaims himself Emperor of the French, reigning under the dynastic title Napoléon III. The Second Empire is declared.
1854 (March) The Crimean War begins as France and Britain declare war on Russia.
1855 (May-November) Universal Exposition held in Paris.
1856 (March) The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War.
1859 (May) France declares war on Austria.
(June) French troops defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Solferino.
(July) France and Austria sign a peace treaty at the Conference of Villafranca.
1861 (April) American Civil War begins.
1862 (April) France declares war on Mexico.
(May) French troops defeated at Puebla.
(August) Confederate forces under Stonewall Jackson defeat the Union Army at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
(September) Otto von Bismarck becomes Minister-President of Prussia.
1863 (May) French troops capture Puebla after a two-month siege; Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia is victorious at the Battle of Chancellorsville; candidates supporting Napoléon III win 250 of 282 seats in elections for the Legislative Assembly.
(June) French troops enter Mexico City. (July) Confederate forces defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg.
1864 (May) General Ulysses S. Grant begins his summer campaign against the South with the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania.
(June) Union forces suffer heavy casualties at the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia; naval battle off Cherbourg between the U.S.S. Kearsarge and the C.S.S. Alabama; Austrian Archduke Maximilian arrives in Mexico City.
(September) The Franco-Italian Convention stipulates the withdrawal of all French troops from Rome, where they have been safeguarding the papacy; the International Working Men's Association is founded in London.
1865 (April) Civil War ends as General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House; Abraham Lincoln is assassinated.
(October) The United States demands the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico.
1866 (July) Prussia defeats Austria in the Seven Weeks' War; French troops begin their retreat from Mexico.
(December) Under the terms of the Franco-Italian Convention, all French troops leave Rome except for a garrison of volunteers protecting the pope.
1867 (January) Napoléon III announces a series of liberal reforms.
(February) The last French troops evacuate Mexico.
(April) Opening of the Universal Exposition in Paris.
(June) The Emperor Maximilian is executed by Mexican republicans led by Benito Juárez.
(September) Giuseppe Garibaldi escapes from custody and marches on the Papal States.
(November) French troops, dispatched into Italy toprotect the pope, defeat Garibaldi at Mentana.
1868 (May) Napoléon III relaxes laws on the censorship of the press; new journals, hostile to his regime, abound.
1869 (June) Elections for the Legislative Assembly result in opponents of Louis-Napoléon claiming more than forty percent of the vote; strikes and violence at La Ricamarie.
1870 (January) Émile Ollivier becomes Minister of Justice in
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