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Authors: Nell Irvin Painter
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war Americans embraced intelligence testing more enthusiastically than people in other countries, but mental testing took place largely in the private sector. Yerkes complained in 1941 of the U.S. military’s neglect: “Germany has a long lead in the development of military psychology…. The Nazis have achieved something that is entirely without parallel in military history…. What has happened in Germany is the logical sequel to the psychological and personnel services in our own Army during 1917–1918.”
* Herbert Johnson (ca. 1880–1947), a Nebraskan, drew for the Saturday Evening Post from 1915 until his death. A stout foe of Franklin Roosevelt’s policies, Johnson saw the New Deal as “Government in Business,” an octopus strangling honest business.
* The 1882 ruling In re Ah Yup declared Chinese not to be white, and therefore not eligible for naturalization under the 1790 Naturalization Act. Although the language of the 1790 act deemed only free white (males) eligible, the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 made black people eligible for naturalized citizenship. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 enacted the prohibition against Chinese naturalization into federal law. The “Gentlemen’s Agreement” President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated with the government of Japan in 1907 permitted the entry of Japanese gentlemen—scholars, diplomats—but prohibited the immigration of working-class Japanese.
* Dan McGann, with an Irish name, now stands for the real American.
† In 1977 then governor Michael Dukakis signed a declaration removing “any stigma and disgrace” from Vanzetti and Sacco, because of the shoddy conduct of their trials.
* Emma Goldman (1869–1940) was born in Lithuania and immigrated to the United States when she was seventeen.
* A summer 2004 North Country Radio reading list included Roberts’s best-known novel, Northwest Passage . A list of suggested reading for the August 2005 Prairie Home Companion cruise recommends “any of the historical novels by Kenneth Roberts.”
* In 1915 vigilante Georgians raided a prison, kidnapped Leo Frank, an Atlanta Jewish businessman, and lynched him.
* Grant’s fellow students in Dresden included the future Saturday Evening Post editor Horace Lorimer.
* Karl Pearson, Galton’s successor in statistics and eugenics in London, embodied this appropriation of science. Preaching empire and racial cleansing in the name of science in National Life from the Standpoint of Science (1905), Pearson said, “[M]y view—and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation—is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races.”
† Gobineau, like the other infamous Aryan chauvinist Adolph Hitler, evidently had brown hair and brown eyes.
* Oscar Levy (1866–1946), a German living in Oxford, had edited an English translation of the complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche in 1911 and is connected to the publication of the anti-Semitic and fabricated Protocols of the Elders of Zion .
† Lapouge also shared with Grant and other Nordic race chauvinists an enthusiasm for the outdoors and healthy, natural living.
* The agrégation is a French postcollegiate qualification for secondary school and college teaching. Its difficulty and prestige vary by field, from the equivalent of an American master’s degree to the equivalent of an American doctorate.
* The French classifier of races Joseph Deniker used “Nordic.” Grant would have been aware of Deniker’s work, well respected in Europe but not well known in the United States.
* The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century achieved broad popular and critical success,
* Herbert Johnson (ca. 1880–1947), a Nebraskan, drew for the Saturday Evening Post from 1915 until his death. A stout foe of Franklin Roosevelt’s policies, Johnson saw the New Deal as “Government in Business,” an octopus strangling honest business.
* The 1882 ruling In re Ah Yup declared Chinese not to be white, and therefore not eligible for naturalization under the 1790 Naturalization Act. Although the language of the 1790 act deemed only free white (males) eligible, the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 made black people eligible for naturalized citizenship. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 enacted the prohibition against Chinese naturalization into federal law. The “Gentlemen’s Agreement” President Theodore Roosevelt negotiated with the government of Japan in 1907 permitted the entry of Japanese gentlemen—scholars, diplomats—but prohibited the immigration of working-class Japanese.
* Dan McGann, with an Irish name, now stands for the real American.
† In 1977 then governor Michael Dukakis signed a declaration removing “any stigma and disgrace” from Vanzetti and Sacco, because of the shoddy conduct of their trials.
* Emma Goldman (1869–1940) was born in Lithuania and immigrated to the United States when she was seventeen.
* A summer 2004 North Country Radio reading list included Roberts’s best-known novel, Northwest Passage . A list of suggested reading for the August 2005 Prairie Home Companion cruise recommends “any of the historical novels by Kenneth Roberts.”
* In 1915 vigilante Georgians raided a prison, kidnapped Leo Frank, an Atlanta Jewish businessman, and lynched him.
* Grant’s fellow students in Dresden included the future Saturday Evening Post editor Horace Lorimer.
* Karl Pearson, Galton’s successor in statistics and eugenics in London, embodied this appropriation of science. Preaching empire and racial cleansing in the name of science in National Life from the Standpoint of Science (1905), Pearson said, “[M]y view—and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation—is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races.”
† Gobineau, like the other infamous Aryan chauvinist Adolph Hitler, evidently had brown hair and brown eyes.
* Oscar Levy (1866–1946), a German living in Oxford, had edited an English translation of the complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche in 1911 and is connected to the publication of the anti-Semitic and fabricated Protocols of the Elders of Zion .
† Lapouge also shared with Grant and other Nordic race chauvinists an enthusiasm for the outdoors and healthy, natural living.
* The agrégation is a French postcollegiate qualification for secondary school and college teaching. Its difficulty and prestige vary by field, from the equivalent of an American master’s degree to the equivalent of an American doctorate.
* The French classifier of races Joseph Deniker used “Nordic.” Grant would have been aware of Deniker’s work, well respected in Europe but not well known in the United States.
* The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century achieved broad popular and critical success,
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