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Authors: Arundhati Roy
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caste whose main occupation is fishing.
khadi: hand-spun cotton cloth popularized by Gandhi during the Independence movement as a defiant statement of self-reliance and a badge of membership in the Congress movement. Khadi is still worn today by many politicians and Gandhian workers.
Kevats: a caste whose main occupation is plying boats.
khichdi: a rice and lentil dish.
Kinara Bachao Andolan: activist group working in coastal Gujarat (literally, Movement to Save the Coast).
Koel Karo Sangathan: a movement against a proposed dam on the Koel and Karo Rivers in the state of Bihar.
Kumbh Mela: a Hindu festival in which millions gather to ritually bathe in sacred rivers.
Lal Johar: salutation of the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha: literally, Red Salute.
Lord Linlithgow: governor-general of India from April 1936 to April 1943.
LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Sri Lankan Tamil separatist guerrilla group.
Malimath Committee: the Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System, constituted by the government of India in November 2000 and headed by retired justice V. S. Malimath, former chief justice of Kerala and Karnataka.
Mandal Commission: commission constituted by the Janata Party government under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal in 1977 to look into the issue of reservations for “backward” castes in government jobs and educational institutions. The report was submitted in 1980, and its recommendations led to a huge backlash from upper castes, with violence and agitation across the country.
mandir: temple.
Manusmriti: an ancient code of conduct, attributed to Manu, sometimes viewed as a book of Hindu laws.
masjid: mosque.
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan: literally, Organization for the Empowerment of Workers and Farmers, active in the right-to-
information campaigns in Rajasthan.
MCC: Maoist Coordination Committee, extreme left-wing armed group, present in many states in India.
Mehndi Kheda: village in the state of Madhya Pradesh, the site of a clash between Adivasis and the police.
Narendra Modi: Chief Minister of Gujarat; presided over the state government when violent riots took more than two thousand Muslim lives in 2002.
Muthanga: wildlife sanctuary in the state of Kerala, the site of a clash between Adivasis and the police.
Naga Sadhu: the naked warrior-ascetics of the Shaiva sect.
Narmada Bachao Andolan: Save the Narmada Movement.
Nimad Malwa Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan: alliance of activist groups working in Madhya Pradesh on issues of water, power, and privatization of resources (literally, the Nimad Malwa Peasants’ and Workers’ Organization).
Shankar Guha Niyogi: trade union leader of the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha, killed in September 1991 by hired assassins.
Parsis: Persian-descended Zoroastrians.
Prasad: Sacred food, is shared by devotees in an act of seeking benediction.
PWG: Peoples’ War Group, an extreme left-wing armed group, present in many states in India.
Ram Mandir: see Babri Masjid, above.
Rashtrapati Bhavan: the residence of the president of India, formerly the viceroy’s residence.
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS): literally, the National Self-Help Group; a right-wing militaristic organization with a clearly articulated anti-Muslim stand and a nationalistic notion of Hindutva. The RSS is the ideological backbone of the BJP.
Rath Yatra: literally, the Chariots’ Journey, a long road rally led by an ornamental bus dressed up as a chariot, undertaken first in 1990 by L. K. Advani to “mobilize Hindu sentiment” for the building of the Ram Mandir at Ayodhya. It culminated in widespread violence in many parts of northern India.
Sangh Parivar: the group of closely linked right-wing Hindu fundamentalist organizations in India that includes the Bajrang Dal, BJP, RSS, and VHP (literally, family group).
Saraswati shishu mandirs: literally, temples for children, named after Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of learning.
Satyagraha: literally “life force,” was Gandhi’s
khadi: hand-spun cotton cloth popularized by Gandhi during the Independence movement as a defiant statement of self-reliance and a badge of membership in the Congress movement. Khadi is still worn today by many politicians and Gandhian workers.
Kevats: a caste whose main occupation is plying boats.
khichdi: a rice and lentil dish.
Kinara Bachao Andolan: activist group working in coastal Gujarat (literally, Movement to Save the Coast).
Koel Karo Sangathan: a movement against a proposed dam on the Koel and Karo Rivers in the state of Bihar.
Kumbh Mela: a Hindu festival in which millions gather to ritually bathe in sacred rivers.
Lal Johar: salutation of the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha: literally, Red Salute.
Lord Linlithgow: governor-general of India from April 1936 to April 1943.
LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Sri Lankan Tamil separatist guerrilla group.
Malimath Committee: the Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System, constituted by the government of India in November 2000 and headed by retired justice V. S. Malimath, former chief justice of Kerala and Karnataka.
Mandal Commission: commission constituted by the Janata Party government under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal in 1977 to look into the issue of reservations for “backward” castes in government jobs and educational institutions. The report was submitted in 1980, and its recommendations led to a huge backlash from upper castes, with violence and agitation across the country.
mandir: temple.
Manusmriti: an ancient code of conduct, attributed to Manu, sometimes viewed as a book of Hindu laws.
masjid: mosque.
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan: literally, Organization for the Empowerment of Workers and Farmers, active in the right-to-
information campaigns in Rajasthan.
MCC: Maoist Coordination Committee, extreme left-wing armed group, present in many states in India.
Mehndi Kheda: village in the state of Madhya Pradesh, the site of a clash between Adivasis and the police.
Narendra Modi: Chief Minister of Gujarat; presided over the state government when violent riots took more than two thousand Muslim lives in 2002.
Muthanga: wildlife sanctuary in the state of Kerala, the site of a clash between Adivasis and the police.
Naga Sadhu: the naked warrior-ascetics of the Shaiva sect.
Narmada Bachao Andolan: Save the Narmada Movement.
Nimad Malwa Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan: alliance of activist groups working in Madhya Pradesh on issues of water, power, and privatization of resources (literally, the Nimad Malwa Peasants’ and Workers’ Organization).
Shankar Guha Niyogi: trade union leader of the Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha, killed in September 1991 by hired assassins.
Parsis: Persian-descended Zoroastrians.
Prasad: Sacred food, is shared by devotees in an act of seeking benediction.
PWG: Peoples’ War Group, an extreme left-wing armed group, present in many states in India.
Ram Mandir: see Babri Masjid, above.
Rashtrapati Bhavan: the residence of the president of India, formerly the viceroy’s residence.
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS): literally, the National Self-Help Group; a right-wing militaristic organization with a clearly articulated anti-Muslim stand and a nationalistic notion of Hindutva. The RSS is the ideological backbone of the BJP.
Rath Yatra: literally, the Chariots’ Journey, a long road rally led by an ornamental bus dressed up as a chariot, undertaken first in 1990 by L. K. Advani to “mobilize Hindu sentiment” for the building of the Ram Mandir at Ayodhya. It culminated in widespread violence in many parts of northern India.
Sangh Parivar: the group of closely linked right-wing Hindu fundamentalist organizations in India that includes the Bajrang Dal, BJP, RSS, and VHP (literally, family group).
Saraswati shishu mandirs: literally, temples for children, named after Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of learning.
Satyagraha: literally “life force,” was Gandhi’s
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