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Winter, “Thirty Years of Collective Bargaining,” chap. 5 . Savings per hour calculated from data in Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 123.
24. Fairley,
Facing Mechanization
, pp. 132–133, and Germain Bulcke, “Longshore Leader and ILWU-Pacific Maritime Association Arbitrator,” interview by Estolv Ethan Ward, (Berkeley, 1984), p. 66.
25. Pacific Maritime Association and ILWU, “Memorandum of Agreement on Mechanization and Modernization,” October 18, 1960; Ross, “Waterfront Labor Response,” p. 413.
26. The split among PMA members is detailed in Fairley,
Facing Mechanization
, p. 125, and Winter, “Thirty Years of Collective Bargaining,” chap. 5 . Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, pp. 99–100, discusses opposition within the ILWU. Nearly one-third of San Francisco longshoremen were over age fifty-four, and only 11 percent were younger than thirty-five. See Robert W. Cherny, “Longshoremen of San Francisco Bay, 1849–1960,” in Da-vies et al.,
Dock Workers
, 1:137.
27. Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, pp. 164–66.
28. Ibid., pp. 124–44 and 272–279; Finlay,
Work on the Waterfront
, p. 65.
29. Hartman quotation,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 150; on “Bridges loads,” see Larrowe,
Harry Bridges
, p. 356.
30. Bridges statement in ILWU/PMA joint meeting, August 7, 1963, quoted in Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 147; arbitration award ibid., p. 148.
31. Cost savings from ibid., p. 178; container statistics derived from ibid., pp. 160 and 270. Hartman estimates that the container accounted for about 4 percent of the total productivity increase between 1960 and 1963 and perhaps 7 or 8 percent by 1964 (p. 162).
32. The Canadian version of the Mechanization and Modernization Agreement was signed November 21, 1960, just a month after the U.S. pact, and can be found in Jensen Papers, Accession 4067, Box 15. Kempton column is cited in Jensen,
Strife on the Waterfront
, p. 261.
33. Goldberg, “U.S. Longshoremen and Port Development,” 68–81; New York Shipping Association, “Progress Report 1959.” Gleason discusses his background in a July 31, 1981, interview with Debra Bernhardt, New Yorkers at Work Oral History Collection, Robert Wagner Labor Archive, New York University, Tape 44, although much of the information provided in this interview is unreliable. Peter Bell, interview by Debra Bernhardt, August 29, 1981, New Yorkers at Work Oral History Collection, Robert Wagner Labor Archive, New York University, Tape 1OA, discusses dissidents.
34. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor,
Annual Report 1961–62
, p. 16.
35. Werner Bamberger, “Container Users Study Royalties,”
NYT
, November 24, 1960; “Container Board Set Up,”
NYT
, April 11, 1961; Panitz, “NY Dockers.” Longshore work hours were compiled by the New York Shipping Association, and a partial set can be found in the Vernon Jensen files; unfortunately, missing records make it impossible to reconstruct the full series of hours.
36. Field comment appears in an undated memo to all ILA members in the Port of New York in ILA Files, Collection 55, Box 1, while demand for portwide seniority is in “Local No. 856, ILA, Proposals to 1962 Atlantic Coast District Wage Scale Committee and New York District Council,” n.d., Collection 55, Box 1.
37. ILA, “Changes to Be Made in General Cargo Master Agreement,” June 13, 1962; New York Shipping Association, “Monetary Offer to International Longshoremen’s Association,” August 1, 1962; Memo from Walter L. Eisenberg, Ph.D., Economic Consultant, to Thomas W. Gleason, Chairman, ILA Negotiating Committee, Re Employer Proposals of August 1, 1962, n.d.; all in ILA Files, Collection 55, Box 1, Folder “Agreements, Negotiations, & Strikes 1961–63”; John P. Callahan, “Anastasia Balks at I.L.A. Demands,”
NYT
, July 17, 1962. Gleason speech to World Trade Club, September 10, 1962, quoted in Jensen,
Strife on the Waterfront
, p. 269.
38. Jensen,
Strife on the Waterfront
, pp.
Collective Bargaining
, p. 123.
24. Fairley,
Facing Mechanization
, pp. 132–133, and Germain Bulcke, “Longshore Leader and ILWU-Pacific Maritime Association Arbitrator,” interview by Estolv Ethan Ward, (Berkeley, 1984), p. 66.
25. Pacific Maritime Association and ILWU, “Memorandum of Agreement on Mechanization and Modernization,” October 18, 1960; Ross, “Waterfront Labor Response,” p. 413.
26. The split among PMA members is detailed in Fairley,
Facing Mechanization
, p. 125, and Winter, “Thirty Years of Collective Bargaining,” chap. 5 . Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, pp. 99–100, discusses opposition within the ILWU. Nearly one-third of San Francisco longshoremen were over age fifty-four, and only 11 percent were younger than thirty-five. See Robert W. Cherny, “Longshoremen of San Francisco Bay, 1849–1960,” in Da-vies et al.,
Dock Workers
, 1:137.
27. Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, pp. 164–66.
28. Ibid., pp. 124–44 and 272–279; Finlay,
Work on the Waterfront
, p. 65.
29. Hartman quotation,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 150; on “Bridges loads,” see Larrowe,
Harry Bridges
, p. 356.
30. Bridges statement in ILWU/PMA joint meeting, August 7, 1963, quoted in Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 147; arbitration award ibid., p. 148.
31. Cost savings from ibid., p. 178; container statistics derived from ibid., pp. 160 and 270. Hartman estimates that the container accounted for about 4 percent of the total productivity increase between 1960 and 1963 and perhaps 7 or 8 percent by 1964 (p. 162).
32. The Canadian version of the Mechanization and Modernization Agreement was signed November 21, 1960, just a month after the U.S. pact, and can be found in Jensen Papers, Accession 4067, Box 15. Kempton column is cited in Jensen,
Strife on the Waterfront
, p. 261.
33. Goldberg, “U.S. Longshoremen and Port Development,” 68–81; New York Shipping Association, “Progress Report 1959.” Gleason discusses his background in a July 31, 1981, interview with Debra Bernhardt, New Yorkers at Work Oral History Collection, Robert Wagner Labor Archive, New York University, Tape 44, although much of the information provided in this interview is unreliable. Peter Bell, interview by Debra Bernhardt, August 29, 1981, New Yorkers at Work Oral History Collection, Robert Wagner Labor Archive, New York University, Tape 1OA, discusses dissidents.
34. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor,
Annual Report 1961–62
, p. 16.
35. Werner Bamberger, “Container Users Study Royalties,”
NYT
, November 24, 1960; “Container Board Set Up,”
NYT
, April 11, 1961; Panitz, “NY Dockers.” Longshore work hours were compiled by the New York Shipping Association, and a partial set can be found in the Vernon Jensen files; unfortunately, missing records make it impossible to reconstruct the full series of hours.
36. Field comment appears in an undated memo to all ILA members in the Port of New York in ILA Files, Collection 55, Box 1, while demand for portwide seniority is in “Local No. 856, ILA, Proposals to 1962 Atlantic Coast District Wage Scale Committee and New York District Council,” n.d., Collection 55, Box 1.
37. ILA, “Changes to Be Made in General Cargo Master Agreement,” June 13, 1962; New York Shipping Association, “Monetary Offer to International Longshoremen’s Association,” August 1, 1962; Memo from Walter L. Eisenberg, Ph.D., Economic Consultant, to Thomas W. Gleason, Chairman, ILA Negotiating Committee, Re Employer Proposals of August 1, 1962, n.d.; all in ILA Files, Collection 55, Box 1, Folder “Agreements, Negotiations, & Strikes 1961–63”; John P. Callahan, “Anastasia Balks at I.L.A. Demands,”
NYT
, July 17, 1962. Gleason speech to World Trade Club, September 10, 1962, quoted in Jensen,
Strife on the Waterfront
, p. 269.
38. Jensen,
Strife on the Waterfront
, pp.
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