Read Online Kachina and the Cross by Carroll L Riley - Free Book Online Page B
Authors: Carroll L Riley
Tags: United States, General, Social Science, History, Native American Studies, State & Local, Native American, Ethnic Studies, Anthropology, test, Southwest (AZ; NM; OK; TX)
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Continuing north, the Chamuscado party reached the Tiguex country and in the next few months explored to the west as far as Zuni and to the east into the edge of Querecho country. In September 1581, one of the friars, Juan de Santa Maria, decided for reasons unknown to return to Santa Bárbara. Leaving from Tunque Pueblo east of the Rio Grande, he attempted to make his way south along the eastern slopes of the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and was killed by hostile Pueblo Indians. In spite of this example of Pueblo unfriendliness, the two other friars, Agustín Rodriguez and Francisco López, decided to remain at Puaray in Tiguex country. This pueblo was most likely the Tiguex town of Arenal, burned and sacked by the Coronado expedition around the beginning of the year 1541. Chamuscado's two friars were killed a few days after the Spaniards began their march southward. Chamuscado also died on the way home.
Concern about the two missionaries left at Tiguex and a continuing desire to find rich mines in New Mexico led to the launching of another expedition in November 1582. This was led by Antonio de Espejo with fourteen soldiers and a number of servants plus one Franciscan missionary, Bernardino Beltrán. This group again followed the Conchos to its juncture with the Rio Grande and then went up the latter river to Piro country. Reaching the Tiguex towns, it found Puaray (called Puala by the Espejo chroniclers) deserted. The Espejo expedition explored widely even though dissension in the ranks led to desertion by the friar
Page 34
and about half the party. The little group reached Zuni and Hopi and then westward into the Verde Valley region of central Arizona. Returning, they had a brief but violent battle with a group of Querechos camped in the Acoma area. Reaching the Rio Grande, they found that about thirty of the Puala inhabitants had moved back into the pueblo. Espejo's men massacred these people and burned the pueblo. The expedition then departed the Southwest via the Pecos River valley, eventually reaching La Junta. Espejo, led by a Jumano guide, contacted Teya-Jumano somewhere in the middle Pecos drainage.
Expeditions to the Pueblo world were now coming at an accelerated rate. Beginning in July 1590, there was an unauthorized expedition from the new Spanish settlements in Nuevo León, headed by Gaspar Castaño de Sosa, the lieutenant governor of that province. Castaño led a party of some 160 to 170 settlers, including women and children, from Almadén (present Monclova) to the Southwest. There were ten or more carts or wagons, the first wheeled transport into the region. The Castaño expedition angled north and west, crossing the Rio Grande somewhere around modern Del Rio then traveling northwest to the Pecos River, perhaps in the present-day Sheffield area. Following the Pecos upstream, Castaño eventually arrived in the vicinity of Pecos Pueblo in late December 1590. Leaving his main party and the wagons somewhere around the junction of the Gallinas and Pecos Rivers, he pushed on with some forty men to Pecos, attacking the pueblo and occupying part of it on December 31, 1590. The Indians maintained themselves in certain of the house blocks for two or three days, but on the night of January 2, 1591, they fled to the mountains, leaving Castaño in charge.
From Pecos, Castaño de Sosa led his advance guard into the Rio Grande Valley. He explored portions of the Tewa and Keresan region, appointing officers at various pueblos. He hardly visited the Tiguex area, and the Piro not at all. Santo Domingo (actually so named by Castaño) in the Keresan region was chosen as a center of government. In late January he returned to the main camp, bringing those who had been camping on the Pecos back to the Rio Grande. Castaño presumably intended to settle New Mexico, to allot the native population in encomienda (grants of Indian tribute), and set up a government.
Castaño's ambitions came crashing down when Juan de Morlete
Continuing north, the Chamuscado party reached the Tiguex country and in the next few months explored to the west as far as Zuni and to the east into the edge of Querecho country. In September 1581, one of the friars, Juan de Santa Maria, decided for reasons unknown to return to Santa Bárbara. Leaving from Tunque Pueblo east of the Rio Grande, he attempted to make his way south along the eastern slopes of the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and was killed by hostile Pueblo Indians. In spite of this example of Pueblo unfriendliness, the two other friars, Agustín Rodriguez and Francisco López, decided to remain at Puaray in Tiguex country. This pueblo was most likely the Tiguex town of Arenal, burned and sacked by the Coronado expedition around the beginning of the year 1541. Chamuscado's two friars were killed a few days after the Spaniards began their march southward. Chamuscado also died on the way home.
Concern about the two missionaries left at Tiguex and a continuing desire to find rich mines in New Mexico led to the launching of another expedition in November 1582. This was led by Antonio de Espejo with fourteen soldiers and a number of servants plus one Franciscan missionary, Bernardino Beltrán. This group again followed the Conchos to its juncture with the Rio Grande and then went up the latter river to Piro country. Reaching the Tiguex towns, it found Puaray (called Puala by the Espejo chroniclers) deserted. The Espejo expedition explored widely even though dissension in the ranks led to desertion by the friar
Page 34
and about half the party. The little group reached Zuni and Hopi and then westward into the Verde Valley region of central Arizona. Returning, they had a brief but violent battle with a group of Querechos camped in the Acoma area. Reaching the Rio Grande, they found that about thirty of the Puala inhabitants had moved back into the pueblo. Espejo's men massacred these people and burned the pueblo. The expedition then departed the Southwest via the Pecos River valley, eventually reaching La Junta. Espejo, led by a Jumano guide, contacted Teya-Jumano somewhere in the middle Pecos drainage.
Expeditions to the Pueblo world were now coming at an accelerated rate. Beginning in July 1590, there was an unauthorized expedition from the new Spanish settlements in Nuevo León, headed by Gaspar Castaño de Sosa, the lieutenant governor of that province. Castaño led a party of some 160 to 170 settlers, including women and children, from Almadén (present Monclova) to the Southwest. There were ten or more carts or wagons, the first wheeled transport into the region. The Castaño expedition angled north and west, crossing the Rio Grande somewhere around modern Del Rio then traveling northwest to the Pecos River, perhaps in the present-day Sheffield area. Following the Pecos upstream, Castaño eventually arrived in the vicinity of Pecos Pueblo in late December 1590. Leaving his main party and the wagons somewhere around the junction of the Gallinas and Pecos Rivers, he pushed on with some forty men to Pecos, attacking the pueblo and occupying part of it on December 31, 1590. The Indians maintained themselves in certain of the house blocks for two or three days, but on the night of January 2, 1591, they fled to the mountains, leaving Castaño in charge.
From Pecos, Castaño de Sosa led his advance guard into the Rio Grande Valley. He explored portions of the Tewa and Keresan region, appointing officers at various pueblos. He hardly visited the Tiguex area, and the Piro not at all. Santo Domingo (actually so named by Castaño) in the Keresan region was chosen as a center of government. In late January he returned to the main camp, bringing those who had been camping on the Pecos back to the Rio Grande. Castaño presumably intended to settle New Mexico, to allot the native population in encomienda (grants of Indian tribute), and set up a government.
Castaño's ambitions came crashing down when Juan de Morlete
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