bomb scares. Start of the long-running politico-financial scandal involving the Panama Canal Company founded by Ferdinand de Lesseps; its bankruptcy incurs massive financial losses. In Germany Max Nordau publishes his influential
Entartung
(
Degeneration
), a virulent attack on moral and aesthetic decline, published in France in 1894 as
Dégénerescence
. Wilde’s play
Salome
is banned by the censors in England.
Bloy,
Le Salut par les Juifs
Gourmont,
Lilith
,
Litanies de la Rose
, and
Le Latin mystique
(with a preface by Huysmans)
Richepin,
Cauchemars
Rodenbach,
Bruges-la-Morte
Schwob,
Le Roi au masque d’or
Zola,
Le Débâcle
Conan Doyle,
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
1893 Anarchist bomb attack on the Chambre des Députés. Trials concerning the Panama Canal scandal. Lombroso’s
The Degenerate Female
claims that prostitution is a biologically inherited tendency. Sarah Bernhardt plays the title role in Wilde’s
Salome
, translated into French by Lord Alfred Douglas. Verlaine reads in Oxford and London. Death of Maupassant.
Freud and Breuer,
Studies in Hysteria
Arthur Symons,
The Decadent Movement in Literature
Gourmont,
Le Fantôme
;
L’Idéalisme
Lorrain,
Buveurs d’âmes
Mallarmé,
Vers et Prose
Rachilde,
L’Animale
Schwob,
Mimes
Yeats,
The Celtic Twilight
Zola,
Le Docteur Pascal
(final volume in the Rougon-Macquart cycle)
1894 Anarchist bombings; French President Sadi Carnot assassinated in Lyon by Italian anarchist Cesario; Casimir Périer elected President. Start of the Dreyfus Affair: Captain Dreyfus is arrested and charged with treason by anti-Semitic, Catholic-dominated military court; found guilty, he is sentenced to solitary confinement for life on Devil’s Island. Émile Durkheim publishes
Les Règles de la méthode sociologique
. Havelock Ellis,
Man and Woman
. Founding of
The Yellow Book
by Henry Harland and Aubrey Beardsley in England. Marconi’s experiments with wireless. Death of Robert Louis Stevenson.
Bloy,
Histoires désobligeantes
Geffroy,
Le Coeur et l’esprit
Gourmont,
Histoires magiques
Louÿs,
Les Chansons de Bilitis
Rodenbach,
Musée des béguines, natures mortes et nouvelles
Schwob,
Le Livre de Monelle
Conan Doyle,
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
Kipling,
The Jungle Book
1895 Félix Faure elected President of the Republic. The CGT (general workers union) founded. Trial of Oscar Wilde. He is found guilty of ‘acts of gross indecency between men’ and sentenced to two years hard labour.
The Yellow Book
ceases publication. Lumière Brothers patent the first moving-picture
Cinématographe
; first motion picture presented to a public audience. William Röntgen discovers X-rays.
Huysmans,
En route
Lorrain,
Sensation et souvenirs
Symons,
London Nights
Valéry,
Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci
Wells,
The Time Machine
Wilde,
The Ideal Husband
;
The Importance of Being Earnest
1896 Tsar Nicholas II makes triumphant state visit to Paris. Kitchener’s expedition to the Sudan. Dreyfus family demand a retrial after the anonymous letter at the heart of the Affair is attributed to Esterhazy. Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. Henry Ford builds his first car, the quadricycle. Freud coins the term ‘psychoanalysis’. First modern Olympic Games staged in Athens. The height of Art Nouveau.
Bergson,
Matière et mémoire
Gourmont,
Le Livre des masques
, illustrated by Vallotton.
Jarry,
Ubu Roi
(first performances in Paris)
Louÿs,
Aphrodite
Proust,
Les Plaisirs et les Jours
Schwob,
La Croisade des enfants
;
Spicilège
;
Vies imaginaires
Valéry, ‘La Soirée avec Monsieur Teste’
1897 Félix Faure returns visit to Tsar Nicholas, leading to a renewal of the Franco-Russian Alliance. A fire at the Bazar de la Charité claims 140 victims.
Barrès,
Les Déracinés
Bloy,
La Femme pauvre
Gide,
Les Nourritures terrestres
Lorrain,
Monsieur de Bougrelon
(a fictional portrait of Barbey d’Aurevilly);
Contes pour lire à la
Entartung
(
Degeneration
), a virulent attack on moral and aesthetic decline, published in France in 1894 as
Dégénerescence
. Wilde’s play
Salome
is banned by the censors in England.
Bloy,
Le Salut par les Juifs
Gourmont,
Lilith
,
Litanies de la Rose
, and
Le Latin mystique
(with a preface by Huysmans)
Richepin,
Cauchemars
Rodenbach,
Bruges-la-Morte
Schwob,
Le Roi au masque d’or
Zola,
Le Débâcle
Conan Doyle,
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
1893 Anarchist bomb attack on the Chambre des Députés. Trials concerning the Panama Canal scandal. Lombroso’s
The Degenerate Female
claims that prostitution is a biologically inherited tendency. Sarah Bernhardt plays the title role in Wilde’s
Salome
, translated into French by Lord Alfred Douglas. Verlaine reads in Oxford and London. Death of Maupassant.
Freud and Breuer,
Studies in Hysteria
Arthur Symons,
The Decadent Movement in Literature
Gourmont,
Le Fantôme
;
L’Idéalisme
Lorrain,
Buveurs d’âmes
Mallarmé,
Vers et Prose
Rachilde,
L’Animale
Schwob,
Mimes
Yeats,
The Celtic Twilight
Zola,
Le Docteur Pascal
(final volume in the Rougon-Macquart cycle)
1894 Anarchist bombings; French President Sadi Carnot assassinated in Lyon by Italian anarchist Cesario; Casimir Périer elected President. Start of the Dreyfus Affair: Captain Dreyfus is arrested and charged with treason by anti-Semitic, Catholic-dominated military court; found guilty, he is sentenced to solitary confinement for life on Devil’s Island. Émile Durkheim publishes
Les Règles de la méthode sociologique
. Havelock Ellis,
Man and Woman
. Founding of
The Yellow Book
by Henry Harland and Aubrey Beardsley in England. Marconi’s experiments with wireless. Death of Robert Louis Stevenson.
Bloy,
Histoires désobligeantes
Geffroy,
Le Coeur et l’esprit
Gourmont,
Histoires magiques
Louÿs,
Les Chansons de Bilitis
Rodenbach,
Musée des béguines, natures mortes et nouvelles
Schwob,
Le Livre de Monelle
Conan Doyle,
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
Kipling,
The Jungle Book
1895 Félix Faure elected President of the Republic. The CGT (general workers union) founded. Trial of Oscar Wilde. He is found guilty of ‘acts of gross indecency between men’ and sentenced to two years hard labour.
The Yellow Book
ceases publication. Lumière Brothers patent the first moving-picture
Cinématographe
; first motion picture presented to a public audience. William Röntgen discovers X-rays.
Huysmans,
En route
Lorrain,
Sensation et souvenirs
Symons,
London Nights
Valéry,
Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci
Wells,
The Time Machine
Wilde,
The Ideal Husband
;
The Importance of Being Earnest
1896 Tsar Nicholas II makes triumphant state visit to Paris. Kitchener’s expedition to the Sudan. Dreyfus family demand a retrial after the anonymous letter at the heart of the Affair is attributed to Esterhazy. Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. Henry Ford builds his first car, the quadricycle. Freud coins the term ‘psychoanalysis’. First modern Olympic Games staged in Athens. The height of Art Nouveau.
Bergson,
Matière et mémoire
Gourmont,
Le Livre des masques
, illustrated by Vallotton.
Jarry,
Ubu Roi
(first performances in Paris)
Louÿs,
Aphrodite
Proust,
Les Plaisirs et les Jours
Schwob,
La Croisade des enfants
;
Spicilège
;
Vies imaginaires
Valéry, ‘La Soirée avec Monsieur Teste’
1897 Félix Faure returns visit to Tsar Nicholas, leading to a renewal of the Franco-Russian Alliance. A fire at the Bazar de la Charité claims 140 victims.
Barrès,
Les Déracinés
Bloy,
La Femme pauvre
Gide,
Les Nourritures terrestres
Lorrain,
Monsieur de Bougrelon
(a fictional portrait of Barbey d’Aurevilly);
Contes pour lire à la
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