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Authors: Joyce Tyldesley
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Philopator (Father-Loving Goddess), Queen of Egypt 51–30
Daughter of Ptolemy XII and (probably) Cleopatra V Tryphaena, probably wife of Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV
The subject of this book.
Arsinoë IV, Queen of Egypt 47
Daughter of Ptolemy XII
Proclaimed Queen of Cyprus by Julius Caesar, Arsinoë ruled Alexandria briefly during the civil war. Captured by the Romans, she was displayed in Caesar’s Egyptian triumph, then exiled to Ephesus. In 41 she was dragged from the temple and executed on the orders of Mark Antony.
Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt 51–47
Son of Ptolemy XII, husband of Cleopatra VII
Ptolemy XIII inherited his throne alongside his sister Cleopatra VII. For the first year and a half of their joint reign Cleopatra was the effective monarch, while her brother was pushed into the background. The first decree with Ptolemy’s name preceding Cleopatra’s was issued on 27 October 50. In the summer of 49 Cleopatra’s name disappeared from all official documents as the queen and her supporters fled Egypt. Later that year Ptolemy turned a blind eye to the murder of Pompey. Ptolemy had expected to be granted sole rule of Egypt but Caesar, angered by Pompey’s murder, decided that he was to rule alongside his sister Cleopatra VII. Ptolemy XIII drowned in 47, at the end of the Alexandrian Wars.
Ptolemy XIV, King of Egypt 47–44
Son of Ptolemy XII, husband of Cleopatra VII
Proclaimed king of Cyprus by Caesar, Ptolemy became king of Egypt following the death of his elder brother, Ptolemy XIII. He had an undistinguished reign and died soon after the birth of Cleopatra’s son, Caesarion.
Ptolemy XV Caesar Theos Philopator Philometor (Father-Loving, Mother-Loving God): ‘Caesarion’ (Little Caesar), King of Egypt 44–30
Son of Cleopatra VII and (allegedly) Julius Caesar
Following the death of Ptolemy XIV, Caesarion ruled Egypt alongside his mother. Cleopatra VII died on 12 August 30 and Octavian formally annexed Egypt on 31 August 30. This left an eighteen-day period when Caesarion ruled alone. But he had no meaningful support and could have had no thought of taking up his throne. Soon after his mother’s suicide, Caesarion was betrayed and executed.
Alexander Helios
Son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, twin of Cleopatra Selene
Following Cleopatra’s suicide, the ten-year-old twins and four-year-old Ptolemy Philadelphos were taken to Rome to be raised by their father’s wife, Octavia. The boys vanished from the historical record soon after entering Octavia’s care.
Cleopatra Selene
Daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, twin of Alexander Helios, wife of Juba of Mauretania
Cleopatra Selene was raised in Rome by Octavia and married the Numidian prince Juba II. She bore a son named Ptolemy and, perhaps, a daughter who, we may guess, was named Cleopatra. She died a natural death some time between 5 BC and AD 11.
Ptolemy Philadelphos (Brother/Sister-Loving)
Son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony
Following his mother’s suicide, Ptolemy Philadelphos was taken to Rome to be raised alongside his brother and sister. He vanished from the historical record soon after.
Ptolemy of Mauretania
Son of Cleopatra Selene and Juba II of Mauretania
Ptolemy inherited his father’s throne in AD 23. Seventeen years later he was executed by his half-cousin Caligula.
Chronology of Ancient Egypt
A ll dates given are BC . The dating of the earlier dynasties is by no means certain. This chronology is based on the dates suggested in J. Baines and J. Malek (1984), Atlas of Ancient Egypt , Phaidon, Oxford.
LATE PREDYNASTIC/EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (DYNASTIES 0–2): c . 3100–2649
OLD KINGDOM (DYNASTIES 3–6): c . 2649–2150
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (DYNASTIES 7–11): c . 2150–2040
MIDDLE KINGDOM (DYNASTIES 11–14): c . 2040–1640
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (DYNASTIES 15–17): c . 1640–1550
NEW KINGDOM (DYNASTIES 18–20): c . 1550–1070
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (DYNASTIES 21–25): c .
Daughter of Ptolemy XII and (probably) Cleopatra V Tryphaena, probably wife of Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV
The subject of this book.
Arsinoë IV, Queen of Egypt 47
Daughter of Ptolemy XII
Proclaimed Queen of Cyprus by Julius Caesar, Arsinoë ruled Alexandria briefly during the civil war. Captured by the Romans, she was displayed in Caesar’s Egyptian triumph, then exiled to Ephesus. In 41 she was dragged from the temple and executed on the orders of Mark Antony.
Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt 51–47
Son of Ptolemy XII, husband of Cleopatra VII
Ptolemy XIII inherited his throne alongside his sister Cleopatra VII. For the first year and a half of their joint reign Cleopatra was the effective monarch, while her brother was pushed into the background. The first decree with Ptolemy’s name preceding Cleopatra’s was issued on 27 October 50. In the summer of 49 Cleopatra’s name disappeared from all official documents as the queen and her supporters fled Egypt. Later that year Ptolemy turned a blind eye to the murder of Pompey. Ptolemy had expected to be granted sole rule of Egypt but Caesar, angered by Pompey’s murder, decided that he was to rule alongside his sister Cleopatra VII. Ptolemy XIII drowned in 47, at the end of the Alexandrian Wars.
Ptolemy XIV, King of Egypt 47–44
Son of Ptolemy XII, husband of Cleopatra VII
Proclaimed king of Cyprus by Caesar, Ptolemy became king of Egypt following the death of his elder brother, Ptolemy XIII. He had an undistinguished reign and died soon after the birth of Cleopatra’s son, Caesarion.
Ptolemy XV Caesar Theos Philopator Philometor (Father-Loving, Mother-Loving God): ‘Caesarion’ (Little Caesar), King of Egypt 44–30
Son of Cleopatra VII and (allegedly) Julius Caesar
Following the death of Ptolemy XIV, Caesarion ruled Egypt alongside his mother. Cleopatra VII died on 12 August 30 and Octavian formally annexed Egypt on 31 August 30. This left an eighteen-day period when Caesarion ruled alone. But he had no meaningful support and could have had no thought of taking up his throne. Soon after his mother’s suicide, Caesarion was betrayed and executed.
Alexander Helios
Son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, twin of Cleopatra Selene
Following Cleopatra’s suicide, the ten-year-old twins and four-year-old Ptolemy Philadelphos were taken to Rome to be raised by their father’s wife, Octavia. The boys vanished from the historical record soon after entering Octavia’s care.
Cleopatra Selene
Daughter of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, twin of Alexander Helios, wife of Juba of Mauretania
Cleopatra Selene was raised in Rome by Octavia and married the Numidian prince Juba II. She bore a son named Ptolemy and, perhaps, a daughter who, we may guess, was named Cleopatra. She died a natural death some time between 5 BC and AD 11.
Ptolemy Philadelphos (Brother/Sister-Loving)
Son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony
Following his mother’s suicide, Ptolemy Philadelphos was taken to Rome to be raised alongside his brother and sister. He vanished from the historical record soon after.
Ptolemy of Mauretania
Son of Cleopatra Selene and Juba II of Mauretania
Ptolemy inherited his father’s throne in AD 23. Seventeen years later he was executed by his half-cousin Caligula.
Chronology of Ancient Egypt
A ll dates given are BC . The dating of the earlier dynasties is by no means certain. This chronology is based on the dates suggested in J. Baines and J. Malek (1984), Atlas of Ancient Egypt , Phaidon, Oxford.
LATE PREDYNASTIC/EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (DYNASTIES 0–2): c . 3100–2649
OLD KINGDOM (DYNASTIES 3–6): c . 2649–2150
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (DYNASTIES 7–11): c . 2150–2040
MIDDLE KINGDOM (DYNASTIES 11–14): c . 2040–1640
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (DYNASTIES 15–17): c . 1640–1550
NEW KINGDOM (DYNASTIES 18–20): c . 1550–1070
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (DYNASTIES 21–25): c .
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