Read Online The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown by Andreas J. Köstenberger, Charles L Quarles - Free Book Online Page A
Authors: Andreas J. Köstenberger, Charles L Quarles
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house of Onias” (pro-Egyptian) and “the house of Tobias” (pro-Syrian)
168 BC
Antiochus IV (175-163 BC): type of antichrist; replaces Jewish high priest Onias III with Onias' brother Jason, a Hellenizer; invades Jerusalem, sacrifices pig on the altar (“abomination of desolation”; Dan 9:27; 11:31; 12:11; see Matt 24:15 and parallels); priest named Mattathias in village of Modein starts Maccabean revolt
B. Jewish Self-Rule: The Maccabees and Hasmoneans (167—63 BC)
1. The Maccabees (167-135 BC);
165/4 BC
Temple worship restored; Feast of Dedication (see John 10:22)
164-161 BC
Judas
161-143/2 BC
Jonathan
143/2-135/4
Simon
2. The Hasmoneans (135-63 BC)
135/4-104 BC
John Hyrcanus I
104-103 BC
Aristobulus I
103-76 BC
Alexander Janneus
76-67 BC
Salome Alexandra
67-63 BC
Aristobulus II
C. Roman Period (63 BC-AD 70)
63 BC
General Pompey enters Jerusalem and establishes Roman rule
44 BC
Julius Caesar assassinated in Senate by Brutus and others; “Caesar” becomes title for emperors
40 BC
Herod named king of Judea by Roman Senate
37 BC
Herod repulses the Parthians to take the kingdom
31 BC
Octavian (“Augustus”) prevails in Civil War against Mark Antony and Cleopatra (d. 30 BC); “Golden Age” of Rome, Roman law and order, pax Romano. (“Roman peace”), emperor worship
c. 5 BC
Jesus is born in Bethlehem (Matt 1:18-2:12; Luke 2:1-20) *
4 BC
Herod dies, leaves kingdom to Archelaus
AD 6
Archelaus replaced by Roman prefects
AD 26
Pontius Pilate becomes governor of Judea
AD 33
Jesus is crucified *
AD 34
Conversion of Paul
III. Background to Jesus and the Early Church
A. Roman Rulers
31 BC–AD 14
Augustus: Jesus' birth; Golden Age (Luke 2:1)
14–37
Tiberius: Ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus take place during his reign (Luke 3:1–2,21)
37–41
Caligula
41–54
Claudius: Expelled Jews from Rome (Acts 18:2)
54–68
Nero: Fire of Rome (64); martyrdoms of Peter and Paul (65/66)
68–69
Galba, Otho, and Vitellius
69–79
Vespasian
81–96
Domitian: Persecution of Christians (Revelation) **
B. Jewish Revolts
66–73
First Jewish revolt
70
Titus destroys Jerusalem, temple (cf. Matt 24:1–2 and parallels)
132–135
Bar Kokhba revolt: Jews exiled until modern times
C. The Herodian Dynasty
40/37–4 BC
Herod the Great: Edomite vassal-ruler over Palestine
Slaughter of infants in Bethlehem (Luke 2: 16); three sons:
4 BC–AD 33
Herod Philip: Tetrarch of Northern provinces Iturea, Trachonitis, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Batanea
4 BC–AD 39
Herod Antipas: Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea: John the Baptist beheaded (Matt 14:3–12; Mark 6:17–29); Jesus called him “that fox” (Luke 13:32) and later stood trial before him (Luke 23:7–12)
4 BC–AD 6
Archelaus: Ethnarch of Judea and Samaria (banished by Augustus in AD 6); misrule caused Joseph to settle with Mary and Jesus in Nazareth after returning from Egypt (Matt 2:21–23); after AD 6, Galilee governed by Roman governors (prefects or procurators)
41–44
Herod Agrippa I: Grandson of Herod the Great; ruled as king over Judea and all Palestine; executed James the apostle and son of Zebedee and imprisoned Peter (Acts 12:1–3)
50–?
Herod Agrippa II: Great-grandson of Herod the Great; heard Paul's self-defense (Acts 25-26)
* See the discussion of the chronology of Jesus' life in chap. 3.
** See the discussion of the date of the book of Revelation in chap. 20.
HISTORY
The Babylonian Period (606–539 BC)
The account of the Babylonian occupation of Israel is included in the OT. 5 The Babylonian period began in 606/5 BC with Nebuchadnezzar's conquest of Judea; the northern kingdom of Israel had already fallen to the Assyrians in 722 BC (see 2 Kgs 24:12). The element of Nebuchadnezzar's foreign policy that most impacted the destiny of Judah was the deportation of the higher classes to Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar instituted this policy for Judah (including Daniel and Ezekiel) and placed Jehoiachin's uncle Mattaniah as king over Judah, renaming him Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17).
168 BC
Antiochus IV (175-163 BC): type of antichrist; replaces Jewish high priest Onias III with Onias' brother Jason, a Hellenizer; invades Jerusalem, sacrifices pig on the altar (“abomination of desolation”; Dan 9:27; 11:31; 12:11; see Matt 24:15 and parallels); priest named Mattathias in village of Modein starts Maccabean revolt
B. Jewish Self-Rule: The Maccabees and Hasmoneans (167—63 BC)
1. The Maccabees (167-135 BC);
165/4 BC
Temple worship restored; Feast of Dedication (see John 10:22)
164-161 BC
Judas
161-143/2 BC
Jonathan
143/2-135/4
Simon
2. The Hasmoneans (135-63 BC)
135/4-104 BC
John Hyrcanus I
104-103 BC
Aristobulus I
103-76 BC
Alexander Janneus
76-67 BC
Salome Alexandra
67-63 BC
Aristobulus II
C. Roman Period (63 BC-AD 70)
63 BC
General Pompey enters Jerusalem and establishes Roman rule
44 BC
Julius Caesar assassinated in Senate by Brutus and others; “Caesar” becomes title for emperors
40 BC
Herod named king of Judea by Roman Senate
37 BC
Herod repulses the Parthians to take the kingdom
31 BC
Octavian (“Augustus”) prevails in Civil War against Mark Antony and Cleopatra (d. 30 BC); “Golden Age” of Rome, Roman law and order, pax Romano. (“Roman peace”), emperor worship
c. 5 BC
Jesus is born in Bethlehem (Matt 1:18-2:12; Luke 2:1-20) *
4 BC
Herod dies, leaves kingdom to Archelaus
AD 6
Archelaus replaced by Roman prefects
AD 26
Pontius Pilate becomes governor of Judea
AD 33
Jesus is crucified *
AD 34
Conversion of Paul
III. Background to Jesus and the Early Church
A. Roman Rulers
31 BC–AD 14
Augustus: Jesus' birth; Golden Age (Luke 2:1)
14–37
Tiberius: Ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus take place during his reign (Luke 3:1–2,21)
37–41
Caligula
41–54
Claudius: Expelled Jews from Rome (Acts 18:2)
54–68
Nero: Fire of Rome (64); martyrdoms of Peter and Paul (65/66)
68–69
Galba, Otho, and Vitellius
69–79
Vespasian
81–96
Domitian: Persecution of Christians (Revelation) **
B. Jewish Revolts
66–73
First Jewish revolt
70
Titus destroys Jerusalem, temple (cf. Matt 24:1–2 and parallels)
132–135
Bar Kokhba revolt: Jews exiled until modern times
C. The Herodian Dynasty
40/37–4 BC
Herod the Great: Edomite vassal-ruler over Palestine
Slaughter of infants in Bethlehem (Luke 2: 16); three sons:
4 BC–AD 33
Herod Philip: Tetrarch of Northern provinces Iturea, Trachonitis, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Batanea
4 BC–AD 39
Herod Antipas: Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea: John the Baptist beheaded (Matt 14:3–12; Mark 6:17–29); Jesus called him “that fox” (Luke 13:32) and later stood trial before him (Luke 23:7–12)
4 BC–AD 6
Archelaus: Ethnarch of Judea and Samaria (banished by Augustus in AD 6); misrule caused Joseph to settle with Mary and Jesus in Nazareth after returning from Egypt (Matt 2:21–23); after AD 6, Galilee governed by Roman governors (prefects or procurators)
41–44
Herod Agrippa I: Grandson of Herod the Great; ruled as king over Judea and all Palestine; executed James the apostle and son of Zebedee and imprisoned Peter (Acts 12:1–3)
50–?
Herod Agrippa II: Great-grandson of Herod the Great; heard Paul's self-defense (Acts 25-26)
* See the discussion of the chronology of Jesus' life in chap. 3.
** See the discussion of the date of the book of Revelation in chap. 20.
HISTORY
The Babylonian Period (606–539 BC)
The account of the Babylonian occupation of Israel is included in the OT. 5 The Babylonian period began in 606/5 BC with Nebuchadnezzar's conquest of Judea; the northern kingdom of Israel had already fallen to the Assyrians in 722 BC (see 2 Kgs 24:12). The element of Nebuchadnezzar's foreign policy that most impacted the destiny of Judah was the deportation of the higher classes to Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar instituted this policy for Judah (including Daniel and Ezekiel) and placed Jehoiachin's uncle Mattaniah as king over Judah, renaming him Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17).
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