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Federal Convention”; Cutler and Cutler,
Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler,
1:267; Catherine Drinker Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia,
34–35, Isaacson,
Benjamin Franklin,
431–32.
    6 .
PJ,
12:69, to John Adams, Aug. 30, 1787; Farrand,
Records,
3:479, Jared Sparks: Journal, April 19, 1830.
    7 .Farrand,
Records,
3:95, William Pierce, “Character Sketches of Delegates to the Federal Convention”; 1:20, Madison’s notes, May 29, 1787.
    8 .
PMC,
9:335, from Randolph, March 27, 1787; 9:369, to Randolph, April 8, 1787.
    9 .Farrand,
Records,
1:38, Yates’s notes, May 30, 1787; Jay,
John Jay,
1:821, to Robert Morris, Sept. 16, 1780; Farrand,
Records,
1:41, McHenry’s notes, May 30, 1787.
    10 .Farrand,
Records,
1:41–43, McHenry’s notes, May 30, 1787; 1:34–35, Madison’s notes, May 30, 1787.
    11 .Farrand,
Records,
1:37–38, Madison’s notes, May 30, 1787.
    12 .Farrand,
Records,
1:48–50, Madison’s notes, May 31, 1787; Mays,
Edmund Pendleton,
2:229.
    13 .Farrand,
Records,
1:134–36, Madison’s notes, June 6, 1787.
    14 .
PMC,
10:16, “Resolutions Proposed by Mr. Randolph in Convention,” May 29, 1787; 9:318, to Jefferson, March 19, 1787; 9:370, to Randolph, April 8, 1787; 9:383, to Washington, April 16, 1787. Farrand,
Records,
1:54, Madison’s notes, May 31, 1787. “In all cases whatsoever” is underscored in letters to Jefferson and Washington.
    15 .Farrand,
Records,
1:159, King’s notes, June 7, 1787.
    16 .Farrand,
Records,
1:164–65, Madison’s notes, June 8, 1787.
    17 .Farrand,
Records,
3:92, William Pierce, “Character Sketches of Delegates to the Federal Convention”; 1:167, Madison’s notes, June 8, 1787.
    18 .Farrand,
Records,
1:168, Madison’s notes, June 8, 1787.
    19 . Farrand,
Records,
3:90, William Pierce, “Character Sketches of Delegates to the Federal Convention”;
Journals of the Continental Congress,
32:74, Feb. 21, 1787; Farrand,
Records,
1:177–79, Madison’s notes, June 9, 1787.Descriptions of the weather here and elsewhere in this chapter are from Farrand,
Records,
3:552, William Samuel Johnson: Diary, 1787, and
Supplement to Max Farrand’s The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
, 325–37, “The Weather during the Convention.”
    20 .Farrand,
Records,
1:242–45, Madison’s notes, June 15, 1787.
    21 .John Quincy Adams,
Eulogy on the Life and Character of James Madison,
37; Farrand,
Records,
1:242n, Madison’s notes, June 15, 1787.
    22 .Farrand,
Records,
1:253, 255, Madison’s notes, June 16, 1787.
    23 .Farrand,
Records,
1:296–301, Yates’s notes, June 18, 1787.
    24 .Farrand,
Records,
1:292, Madison’s notes, June 18, 1787; 1:432–33, Yates’s notes, June 26, 1787; John Quincy Adams,
Memoirs,
4:383, May 31, 1819.
    25 .Farrand,
Records,
1:317–18, 320, Madison’s notes, June 19, 1787.
    26 .Ibid., 322.
    27 .Farrand,
Records,
1:437, Madison’s notes, June 27, 1787. Martin would successfully defend Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase and former vice president Aaron Burr.
    28 .Farrand,
Records,
1:445, Madison’s notes, June 28, 1787. New Jersey, which required that three of its delegates be present in order to vote, might have had only two present on June 27; on June 28 it definitely had only two present. See Lloyd, “Quorum Requirements and Elected Delegates by State” and “Constitutional Convention Attendance Record,” in
Constitutional Convention
.
    29 .Farrand,
Records,
1:450, Madison’s notes, June 28, 1787; 1:457, Yates’s notes, June 28, 1787.
    30 .Farrand,
Records,
1:450–51, 464, Madison’s notes, June 28–29, 1787.
    31 .Farrand,
Records,
1:485–87, Madison’s notes, June 30, 1787.
    32 .Ibid., 488; Farrand,
Records,
1:498–502, Yates’s notes, June 30, 1787.
    33 .Sparks,
Life of Gouverneur Morris,
1:283.
    34 .Beeman,
Plain, Honest Men,
185–87; Farrand,
Records,
3:188, Luther Martin, “Genuine Information.” Maryland’s quorum requirements allowed a vote to be cast even if only a single delegate was present. See