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Appalachia: ConfrontingStereotypes
, ed. Dwight B. Billings, Gurney Norman, and Katherine Ledford (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999), 29.
    9. For works on the early coal industry, see Howard B. Eavenson,
The First Century and a Quarter of American Coal Industry
(Pittsburgh: Privately printed, Koppers Building, 1942); Ronald L. Lewis,
Coal, Iron, and Slaves: Industrial Slavery in Virginia and Maryland, 1715–1865
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979), 48–49; Ethel Armes,
The Story of Coal and Iron in Alabama
(Birmingham: Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, 1910).
    10. John E. Stealey Jr.,
The Antebellum Kanawha Salt Business and Western Markets
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 119–57 passim. See also Billings and Blee,
Road to Poverty.
    11. Lewis,
Transforming the Appalachian Countryside
, 47.
    12. For examples of his work, see Immanuel Wallerstein,
The Capitalist World-Economy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Wallenstein,
Historical Capitalism
(London: Verso Editions, 1983). For examples of recent studies influenced by this approach, see Billings and Blee,
Road to Poverty;
Dunaway,
First American Frontier;
Lewis,
Transforming the Appalachian Countryside.
    13. Kenneth Noe, “Appalachia’s Civil War Genesis: Southwest Virginia as Depicted by Northern and European Writers, 1825–1865,”
West Virginia History
50 (1991): 91–92; Noe,
Southwest Virginia’s Railroad: Modernization and the Sectional Crisis
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 3–4, 6;Mary Beth Pudup, “The Boundaries of Class in Preindustrial Appalachia,”
Journal of Historical Geography
15 (1989): 139–40. For an example of works that argue for a dramatic transformation at the turn of the twentieth century, see Ronald D Eller,
Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880–1930
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982). For examples of other works that argue for an earlier transition to capitalism, see Dunaway,
First American Frontier;
Paul Salstrom,
Appalachia’s Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region’s Economic History, 1730–1940
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994); and Pudup, Billings, and Waller, eds.,
Appalachia in the Making.
    14. Noe,
Southwest Virginia’s Railroad
, 6.
    15. Dunaway,
First American Frontier
, 10.
    16. Lewis,
Transforming the Appalachian Countryside
, 52; Dunaway,
First American Frontier
, 198–99, 204–11.
    17. Kenneth W. Noe and Shannon H. Wilson, eds.,
The Civil War in Appalachia: Collected Essays
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997), xxvi.
    18. Eller,
Miners, Millhands, Mountaineers
, 45–53; Jerry Bruce Thomas, “Coal Country: The Rise of the Southern Smokeless Coal Industry and Its Effect on Area Development, 1872–1910” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), 23–55; Charles Kenneth Sullivan, “Coal Men and Coal Towns: Development of the Smokeless Coalfields of Southern West Virginia, 1873–1923” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1979), 76–81.
    19. Lewis,
Transforming the Appalachian Countryside
, 52–60; Ronald L. Lewis,
Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780–1980
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), 123; Charles Bias, “The Completion ofthe Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad to the Ohio River, 1869–1873,”
West Virginia History
40 (Summer 1979): 393–403; Eller,
Miners, Millhands, Mountaineers
, 68–69.
    20. Lewis,
Black Coal Miners in America
, 123; Joseph T. Lambie,
From Mine to Market: The History of Coal Transportation on the Norfolk and Western Railway
(New York: New York University Press, 1957), chaps. 1–2; Eller,
Miners, Millhands, Mountaineers
, 69–75.
    21. Eller,
Miners, Millhands, Mountaineers
, 140–43; Maury Klein,
History of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad
(New York: