Read Online 5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition by Laura Lincoln Maitland - Free Book Online Page A

psychologist
    (E) an engineering psychologist
Answers and Explanations
    1. B— Wilhelm Wundt, Hall, and Titchener studied the basic elements of consciousness. Consciousness is currently called cognition. Cognitive psychologists examine thinking, memory, etc. using different methods.
    2. A— John Watson and B. F. Skinner rejected the study of consciousness/mental processes because they are private events that cannot be verified scientifically. These behaviorists focused on the antecedents of a behavior, the behavior, and the consequences of the behavior.
    3. E— The nature-nurture issue deals with the relative contribution of genes and experience to the expressions of psychological traits and behaviors.
    4. A— Behaviorists think that what we know is gained through learning. The other approaches accept that some of our behavior is inborn.
    5. E— Cognitive psychologists focus on how we acquire, maintain, and use information.
    6. B— Industrial/organizational psychologists examine and assess the conditions, methods, and procedures in the workplace and apply psychological principles to help improve the working environment to increase productivity and job satisfaction.
Rapid Review
    • Psychology —the science of behavior and mental processes
    • Monism —seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing
    • Dualism —seeing mind and body as two different things that interact
    • Nature-Nurture Controversy —the extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience
    Plato and Descartes believed behavior is inborn (nature).
    Aristotle, Locke, Watson, Skinner believed behavior results from experience (nurture).
    • School of Structuralism —early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection Wilhelm Wundt—founder of scientific psychology in Leipzig, Germany; studied consciousness using introspection
    G. Stanley Hall—brought introspection to his lab at Johns Hopkins University in the U.S.; first president of the American Psychological Association.
    Edward Titchener—studied elements of consciousness at his Cornell University lab. Margaret Floy Washburn—first woman to complete her Ph.D. in psychology.
    • School of Functionalism —early psychological perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment.
    William James—wrote
Principles of Psychology
.
    Mary Whiton Calkins—first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
    • Behavioral approach —psychological perspective concerned with behavioral reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience.
    Ivan Pavlov—known for classical conditioning of dogs.
    John Watson—known for experiments in classical aversive conditioning.
    B. F. Skinner—known for experiments in operant conditioning.
    • Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic approach —psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.
    Sigmund Freud—“Father of psychoanalysis.”
    Jung, Adler, Horney, Kohut—psychodynamic psychologists.
    • Humanistic approach —psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth toward one’s potential.
    Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow—humanistic psychologists.
    • Biological approach —psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.
    • Cognitive approach —psychological perspective concerned with how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language.
    Jean Piaget—studied cognitive development in children.
    • Evolutionary approach —psychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors’ genes; evolutionary psychologists look at universal behaviors shared by all people.
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